Abstract

Biomarkers of toxicity play a pivotal role in the field of toxicology by providing valuable insights into the mechanisms, early detection, and monitoring of adverse effects caused by exposure to toxic substances. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of biomarkers of toxicity, including their types, mechanisms of action, applications, and challenges. Various types of biomarkers, such as biochemical, molecular, and imaging biomarkers, are discussed in detail, highlighting their utility in different toxicological contexts. Furthermore, the emerging trends and advancements in biomarker research, including omics technologies and novel analytical techniques, are explored. Challenges associated with biomarker validation, standardization, and interpretation is also addressed, along with potential future directions for biomarker discovery and application in toxicology research.