Abstract

Biocatalysis, the use of natural catalysts such as enzymes for chemical transformations, has emerged as a cornerstone of modern biotechnology with wide-ranging applications across various industries. This review explores the expanding horizons of biocatalysis within the realm of enzyme technology, focusing on recent advancements, key methodologies, and promising avenues for future research and industrial applications. We discuss the underlying principles of biocatalysis, including enzyme specificity, catalytic mechanisms, and factors influencing enzyme activity and stability. Furthermore, we highlight recent progress in enzyme discovery, engineering, and immobilization techniques, which have significantly enhanced the efficiency and versatility of biocatalysts. Through case studies and examples from diverse fields such as pharmaceuticals, fine chemicals, and biofuels, we illustrate the immense potential of biocatalysis to revolutionize industrial processes, enabling sustainable and environmentally friendly manufacturing practices. Finally, we address challenges and opportunities in the field, including the integration of biocatalytic processes into existing chemical production pipelines, the development of novel enzyme-based biorefinery concepts, and the exploration of non-conventional enzymes and enzyme systems from extremophiles and microbial communities. Overall, this review underscores the pivotal role of biocatalysis in driving innovation and shaping the future of enzyme technology.