Abstract

The immune system plays a pivotal role in protecting the host from invading pathogens, maintaining homeostasis, and facilitating tissue repair. However, the immune response is a double-edged sword, capable of both protective and harmful effects. This duality necessitates a delicate balance to ensure optimal health. Protective immune responses involve the activation of immune cells such as T cells, B cells, and phagocytes, which target and eliminate pathogens effectively. On the other hand, excessive or dysregulated immune activation can lead to tissue damage, autoimmune disorders, and chronic inflammation. Regulatory mechanisms, including T regulatory cells and anti-inflammatory cytokines, act to modulate immune responses and prevent excessive tissue damage. Understanding the balance between protective and harmful immune responses is crucial for developing therapeutic strategies for various diseases, including infections, autoimmune disorders, and cancer. This review highlights the mechanisms underlying the regulation of immune responses and discusses strategies to maintain immune homeostasis for overall health and well-being.a