Abstract

Advances in molecular immunology have significantly enhanced our understanding of immune cell activation, with a particular focus on the intricate signaling pathways that regulate immune responses. These signaling cascades, initiated by receptors on immune cells, play a crucial role in modulating immune functions such as proliferation, differentiation, cytokine production, and effector functions. Key pathways involved include the NF-κB, MAPK, JAK-STAT, and PI3K-AKT signaling axes, which are activated in response to pathogen recognition and immune cell interactions. Dysregulation of these pathways can lead to immune-related disorders, including autoimmune diseases, immunodeficiencies, and cancer. Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying immune cell signaling provides opportunities for the development of targeted immunotherapies. This review highlights the current progress in deciphering these signaling networks, offering insights into their roles in immune cell activation and potential therapeutic implications for immunemediated diseases.