Abstract

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have revolutionized therapeutic strategies in both oncology and autoimmune disorders by modulating immune system responses. These agents target key regulatory proteins, such as PD-1, PD-L1, and CTLA-4, to enhance immune activity against cancer cells or restore immune balance in autoimmunity. Recent advances have expanded their applications, revealing both opportunities and challenges. While ICIs have demonstrated remarkable success in improving survival in several cancers, their role in autoimmune diseases is emerging, offering potential new therapeutic pathways. However, adverse effects, including immune-related toxicities, require careful management to optimize patient outcomes. This review highlights the latest innovations in ICIs, explores novel biomarkers for patient selection, and discusses combination therapies that synergize with ICIs to enhance efficacy. With ongoing research and clinical trials, ICIs are poised to reshape the therapeutic landscape, providing transformative solutions for patients with previously limited treatment options.