Abstract

Mucosal vaccines represent a pivotal advancement in immunization strategies, harnessing the body’s natural defense mechanisms at mucosal surfaces to induce robust immune responses. This review outlines the current landscape of mucosal vaccine development, emphasizing the unique challenges and opportunities associated with oral, nasal, and other mucosal routes of administration. Key advancements in vaccine delivery systems, including nanotechnology and novel adjuvants, are discussed alongside critical insights into mucosal immune responses and durability. Despite notable successes such as the oral polio and rotavirus vaccines, significant barriers remain, including mucosal barriers, age-related immune decline, and regulatory complexities. Looking forward, the integration of omics technologies promises to revolutionize vaccine design, enabling personalized approaches tailored to individual immune profiles. This comprehensive overview underscores the transformative potential of mucosal vaccines in combating infectious diseases and shaping the future of global health.