Abstract

Islet transplantation has emerged as a promising therapeutic option for individuals with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM), offering the potential to restore physiological insulin secretion and glycemic control. This comprehensive review explores the recent advancements in islet transplantation, addressing key challenges and highlighting breakthroughs that have improved the efficacy and feasibility of this treatment modality. The review begins by providing a brief overview of the pathophysiology of T1DM and the limitations of traditional insulin therapy. It then delves into the evolution of islet transplantation, from its early experimental stages to the current state of clinical application. Key topics covered include donor selection, islet isolation techniques, and the development of immunosuppressive regimens to promote islet graft survival. Furthermore, the review explores innovative strategies to enhance islet engraftment and long-term function, such as encapsulation technologies and tissue engineering approaches. The immunological challenges associated with islet transplantation, including autoimmunity and alloimmunity, are discussed alongside evolving strategies to mitigate immune responses and improve graft acceptance. Recent clinical outcomes and case studies are analyzed to assess the effectiveness and safety of islet transplantation in achieving insulin independence and improving quality of life for individuals with T1DM. The review also examines ongoing research efforts, including the exploration of alternative cell sources and the integration of regenerative medicine principles into islet transplantation protocols. this comprehensive review provides a current and insightful overview of the status of islet transplantation as a therapeutic option for T1DM. By synthesizing recent developments and addressing existing challenges, it aims to contribute to the ongoing dialogue surrounding the potential of islet transplantation to revolutionize diabetes management and bring us closer to a cure for Type 1 Diabetes.