Abstract

Advancements in Immunotherapy: Exploring New Horizons in Cancer Treatment and Autoimmune Disease Management The dynamic and pervasive nature of viral infections poses significant challenges to human health worldwide. This review provides an in-depth analysis of the mechanisms underlying viral invasion and its consequent effects on the human body. We explore the intricate processes by which viruses penetrate host cells, including receptor binding, viral entry, and intracellular trafficking. Special attention is given to the molecular interactions between viral proteins and host cell machinery that facilitate successful infection. The review also examines the host's immune response to viral invasion, highlighting both innate and adaptive mechanisms that aim to control and eliminate the pathogen. Additionally, we discuss the pathological outcomes of viral infections, ranging from acute diseases to chronic conditions and the potential for oncogenesis. Emerging therapeutic strategies and vaccine developments are reviewed to address the ongoing challenges posed by viral threats. This comprehensive examination underscores the need for continued research and innovation to mitigate the impact of viral infections on global health.