Abstract

Biological vaccines, derived from living organisms or their components, are pivotal in safeguarding public health by preventing infectious diseases. This article provides an overview of the process of biological vaccine development, from antigen discovery to clinical trials. It highlights the challenges faced by researchers and explores recent innovations in vaccine technology, including mRNA vaccines and novel delivery systems. Despite obstacles such as emerging pathogens and vaccine hesitancy, on-going advancements hold promise for enhancing vaccine efficacy, accessibility, and global response capabilities