Abstract

Heart transplantation remains a vital therapeutic option for end-stage heart failure, offering a life-saving intervention for patients with refractory cardiac conditions. This comprehensive review aims to synthesize recent advancements, challenges, and outcomes in the field of heart transplantation. The report begins by outlining the evolution of heart transplantation, from its early milestones to contemporary practices. It delves into the complexities of donor selection, organ preservation, and logistical challenges associated with the procurement process. The utilization of innovative technologies, such as machine perfusion, is discussed as a promising avenue to enhance donor organ viability. Immunosuppressive strategies and their evolving landscape are explored, emphasizing the delicate balance between preventing rejection and minimizing adverse effects. The report also addresses the growing importance of personalized medicine in tailoring immunosuppressive regimens to individual patient profiles. Furthermore, the document examines post-transplant outcomes, including graft survival, patient quality of life, and complications. It provides insights into the role of multidisciplinary care teams in optimizing long-term results and managing potential complications. Ethical considerations and equitable access to transplantation are discussed in the context of evolving societal perspectives and the persistent organ shortage. Emerging alternatives, such as xenotransplantation and bioengineering, are also examined as potential solutions to address the organ supply-demand gap.