Abstract

The human heart is a remarkable organ, tirelessly pumping blood throughout the body to sustain life. At the core of this intricate machinery lie the heart valves, which play a critical role in maintaining the unidirectional flow of blood. The valve root, also known as the valve annulus or base, is the foundation on which these essential components rest. In this review, we will explore adult heart valve root problems, their significance, clinical manifestations, diagnostic approaches, and potential treatment modalities.