Abstract

Heavy metals are highly toxic substances that persist in the natural environment. This causes their effects to spread up the food chain and harm human and environmental health. As a result, heavy metal pollution has received a lot of attention from researchers. The current state of heavy metal pollution monitoring, management, and mitigation is evaluated in this review, which reveals a lack of systematic risk evaluation criteria. Methods for multivariate analysis and risk assessment are also discussed. The fundamental steps in selecting treatment technologies are risk assessment and multivariate statistical analysis. The method used is always unique to the site, and it frequently combines various strategies. Appropriate restoration and treatment plans can only be developed by thoroughly considering the contaminated time, the concentration and nature of the contaminant, the characteristics of the soil, water, and site, the availability of the contaminant, and the existence of specific regulations.