Abstract

Pulmonary emphysema, a subtype of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), is characterized by abnormal, permanent enlargement of air spaces distal to the terminal bronchioles, accompanied by the destruction of their walls without obvious fibrosis. However, the phenomenon of gas accumulation within animal tissues, broadly termed pneumatosis, encompasses a variety of conditions beyond pulmonary emphysema. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of pulmonary emphysema, exploring its pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and management, while also delving into other forms of pneumatosis, such as pneumomediastinum, pneumoperitoneum, and subcutaneous emphysema. By understanding these conditions collectively, we can enhance diagnostic accuracy and therapeutic approaches in clinical practice.