Abstract

Brain diseases encompass a diverse range of disorders affecting the central nervous system, with significant implications for individual health and societal well-being. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic approaches, and therapeutic strategies for common brain diseases, including neurodegenerative disorders, cerebrovascular diseases, and neuropsychiatric conditions. We discuss the underlying mechanisms contributing to the development and progression of these diseases, highlighting the role of genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors. Advances in diagnostic imaging techniques and biomarker discovery have revolutionized the early detection and monitoring of brain diseases, facilitating timely intervention and personalized treatment approaches. Furthermore, we explore current and emerging therapeutic interventions targeting neuroinflammation, synaptic dysfunction, protein misfolding, and other disease-specific mechanisms. Finally, we discuss the challenges and future directions in the management of brain diseases, emphasizing the need for interdisciplinary collaboration, innovative research strategies, and holistic approaches to patient care.