Abstract

This abstract provides a comprehensive overview of mucosal pathogens, focusing on their infections and host interactions. Mucosal surfaces are critical points of contact between hosts and the external environment, rendering them susceptible to various pathogenic microorganisms. This review examines the diverse range of mucosal pathogens, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites, highlighting common examples such as respiratory viruses, sexually transmitted infections, gastrointestinal pathogens, and genitourinary pathogens. The modes of transmission and the influence of environmental factors on pathogen survival and spread are explored. Additionally, the review delves into the mechanisms employed by mucosal pathogens to invade host mucosal barriers, evade immune responses, and manipulate host cells. Specific examples, such as Helicobacter pylori’s adhesion mechanisms and Herpes simplex virus’s immune evasion tactics, are discussed. Furthermore, the review investigates the dynamic interactions between host immune systems and invading pathogens at mucosal surfaces. It explores the local and systemic immune responses triggered by mucosal pathogen encounters, emphasizing the roles of innate and adaptive immunity in pathogen clearance or persistence. The impact of dysregulated immune responses on disease outcomes and the potential for mucosal vaccination strategies are also examined. This comprehensive overview provides valuable insights into the pathogenesis of mucosal infections and informs the development of targeted interventions and public health strategies to combat mucosal pathogens.