Journal of Orthopedic Oncology
Open Access

Orthopedic Oncology is the branch of medical science that studies the malignantosteoid, multilobular tumour of bone, Chondrosarcoma, Chordoma, Osteosarcoma, Ewing's sarcoma, Metastatic bone cancer, Adamantinoma, Osteonecrosis, Primary bone tumors, Osseous and chondromatous neoplasia, Tumours of bone, Secondary bone tumors, Primary bone tumors, Enchondroma, Aneurysmal bone cyst, Giant cell tumor of bone, Cryosurgery, Osteoma, Fibrous dysplasia of bone, Osteochondrodysplasia, Osteocartilaginous exostoses.

The Journal of Orthopedic Oncology offers information in all aspects of primary, malignant tumors. Osteosarcoma, Ewing's sarcoma, chondrosarcoma, chordoma, and soft tissue sarcomas etc it also deals with diagnostic methods, therapeutic approaches, clinical, laboratory research and reconstructive techniques.
 
The Journal includes a wide range of fields in its discipline to create a platform for the authors to make their contribution towards the journal and the editorial office promises a peer review process for the submitted manuscripts for the quality of publishing.

The Journal is using Editorial Manager System for quality in review process. Editorial Manager is an online manuscript submission, review and tracking systems. Review processing is performed by the editorial board members of Orthopedics & oncology or outside experts; at least two independent reviewer’s approval followed by editor approval is required for acceptance of any citable manuscript. Authors may submit manuscripts and track their progress through the system.

Submit manuscript at https://www.scholarscentral.org/submissions/orthopedic-oncology.html or as an attachment to  manuscripts@omicsonline.com

Orthopaedic Oncology

Sometimes the tumours or the tumour like conditions show up in the bone and soft tissue of the musculoskeletal system this condition is called bone cancer. A medical speciality concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of benign and malignant tumours of bone and soft tissues. These tumours include Ewing sarcoma, osteosarcoma, and other malignancies that involve the musculoskeletal system.

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Malignant Osteoid

Osteoid is the unmineralized, organic portion of the bone matrix that forms prior to the maturation of bone tissue. Osteoblastic differentiation of the primitive transformed cells produces malignant osteoid, which result in the formation of the malignant primary bone tumour known as Osteosarcoma.

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Multilobular Tumour of Bone

Multilobular tumour of bone (MTB) is the most common tumour among the canine skull. MTB usually presents as a firm, circumscribed and generally slow growing bone tumour in older dogs from medium or large breeds. It is characterised by dominant presence of multiple osteoid or cartilage containing lobules that are separated by fibrous septae. Biological behaviour may vary from benign to malignant.

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Chondrosarcoma

A cancer composed of cells derived from transformed cells that produce cartilage. Chondrosarcoma is a member of a category of tumours of bone and soft tissue known as sarcomas. About 30% of skeletal system cancers are Chondrosarcoma. It is resistant to chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Unlike other primary bone cancers that mainly affect children and adolescents, Chondrosarcoma can present at any age. It more often affects the axial skeleton than the appendicular skeleton.

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Chordomas

Chordomas are rare tumours that arise from embryonic notochordal remnants along the length of the neuraxis at developmentally active sites. These sites are the ends of the neuraxis and the vertebral bodies. Chordomas comprise less than 1% of CNS tumours, and also rarely occur in extra axial locations. Chordomas are thought to arise from ectopic notochord remnants.

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Osteosarcoma

Osteosarcoma is a type of cancer that produces immature bone. It is the most common type of cancer that arises in bones, and it is usually found at the end of long bones, often around the knee. Most people diagnosed with osteosarcoma are under the age of 25, and it is thought to occur more often in males than females. Patients with osteosarcoma are best treated at a cancer centre where an expert sarcoma team and resources are available to provide specialized and responsive care.

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Ewing’s Sarcoma

Ewing’s sarcoma was first described by James Ewing in 1921 as a "diffuse endothelioma of bone" (Ewing 1921). He observed that this highly aggressive bone cancer was remarkably sensitive to radiation therapy. Ewing’s sarcoma is a primary bone cancer that affects mainly children and adolcents. It’s one of group of cancers known collectively as the Ewing’s sarcoma family of tumours.

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Metastatic Bone Cancer

Metastatic bone cancer occurs when cancer spreads from a primary organ site to bone. The spine is the most common location of metastatic disease. Pain is an important symptom of musculoskeletal metastases, but it is nonspecific. The pain pattern can be helpful if, in addition to being activity related, it is present at rest and at night, especially in patients older than 50 years. Laboratory tests can be used to aid in the diagnosis of metastatic bone cancer.

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Adamantinoma

Adamantinoma is a rare bone cancer, making up less than 1% of all bone cancers. It almost always occurs in the bones of the lower leg and involves both epithelial and osteofibrous tissue. Patients typically present with swelling with or without pain. The slow-growing tumour predominantly arises in long bones in a subcortical location. Most commonly, patients are in their second or third decade, but adamantinoma can occur over a wide age range. Benign osteofibrous dysplasia may be a precursor of adamantinoma or a regressive phase of adamantinoma.

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Osteonecrosis

Osteonecrosis is also known as avascular necrosis, Aseptic necrosis and Ischemic necrosis. Osteonecrosis is a disease caused by reduced blood flow to bones in the joints. With too little blood, the bone starts to die and may break down. Osteonecrosis is most often found in the hips, knees, shoulders, and ankles. Osteonecrosis can occur in people of any age, but it is most common in people in their thirties, forties, and fifties. Steroid medications, Alcohol use, Injury, Increased pressure inside the bone are some of the reasons for the cause of osteonecrosis.

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Primary Bone Tumors

Primary tumors of bone can be divided into benign tumors and cancers. Common benign bone tumors may be neoplastic, developmental, traumatic, infectious. Some benign tumors are not true neoplasms, but rather, represent hamartomas, namely the osteochondroma. The most common locations for many primary tumors, both benign and malignant include the distal femur and proximal tibia. Malignant primary bone tumors include osteosarcoma, Chondrosarcoma, Ewing's sarcoma, fibrosarcoma, and other types.

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Cryosurgery

It is also called cryotherapy, is the use of extreme cold produced by liquid nitrogen to destroy abnormal tissue. Cryosurgery is used to treat external tumors, such as those on the skin. Cryosurgery is also used to treat tumors inside the body. For internal tumors, liquid nitrogen or argon gas is circulated through a hollow instrument called a cryoprobe, which is placed in contact with the tumor. Cryosurgery can be an effective treatment for Retinoblastoma. Early-stage skin cancers Precancerous skin growth.

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Osteoma

Osteoma represents the most common benign neoplasm of the nose and Para nasal sinuses. The cause of osteomata is uncertain, but commonly accepted theories propose embryologic, traumatic, or infectious causes. Osteomata are also found in Gardner's syndrome. Larger craniofacial osteomata may cause facial pain, headache, and infection due to obstructed nasofrontal ducts. When the bone tumor grows on other bone it is known as "homoplastic osteoma"; when it grows on other tissue it is called "heteroplastic osteoma".

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Secondary Bone Tumours

Secondary bone tumours are formed when malignant cells have spread to the bones from other parts of the body. This is different to cancer that actually started in the bones as in primary bone cancer. The cancer cells from affected body parts like lungs, breast and prostate are transported to the bones through blood stream. People who develop secondary cancer in the bone usually know that they have a primary cancer. Occasionally, a secondary bone cancer is found before a primary cancer is diagnosed.

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Aneurysmal Bone Cysts

Aneurysmal bone cysts (ABC) are benign expansible tumour-like bone lesions of uncertain aetiology, composed of numerous blood filled channels. Neurysmal bone cysts are primarily seen in children and adolescents, with 80% occurring in the patients less than 20 years of age. Patients may present with pain, which may be of insidious onset or abrupt due to pathological fracture, with a palpable lump or with restricted movement.

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Giant Cell Tumor of Bone

Giant cell tumor of bone (GCT) is a rare, aggressive non-cancerous tumor. It generally occurs in adults between the ages of 20 and 40 years. Giant cell tumor of bone is very rarely seen in children or in adults older than 65 years of age. Patients usually present with pain and limited range of motion caused by tumor's proximity to the joint space. There may be swelling as well, if the tumor has been growing for a long time. The symptoms may include muscular aches and pains in arms, legs and abdominal pain. Patients may also experience nerve pain which feels like an electric shock.

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Fibrous Dysplasia

Fibrous dysplasia is an abnormal bone growth where normal bone is replaced with fibrous bone tissue. Fibrous dysplasia causes abnormal growth or swelling of bone. Fibrous dysplasia can occur in any part of the skeleton but the bones of the skull, thigh, shin, ribs, upper arm and pelvis are most commonly affected. Fibrous dysplasia is very rare, and there is no known cure. Fibrous dysplasia is not a form of cancer .Most lesions are monostotic, asymptomatic and identified incidentally and can be treated with clinical observation and patient education.

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Enchondroma

Enchondromas are relatively common benign medullary cartilaginous neoplasm, usually found in children or young adults which can lead to pathological fractures or undergo malignant degeneration. Enchondromas are most frequently diagnosed in childhood to early adulthood with a peak incidence of 10-30 years. They account for 3-10% of all bone tumours and 12-24% of benign bone tumours.

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Tumours of Bone

A bone tumor is an abnormal growth of cells within a bone. A bone tumor may be cancerous or noncancerous. The cause of bone tumors is unknown. They often occur in areas of the bone that grow rapidly. Possible causes include Genetic defects passed down through families. Cancers that start in the bones are referred to as primary bone tumors. Cancers that start in another part of the body (such as the breast, lungs, or colon) are called secondary or metastatic bone tumours.

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Osteochondrodysplasia

Osteochondrodysplasia is a general term for a disorder of the development of bone and cartilage. Achondrodyaplasia and cleidocranialdysostosis are the two types of Osteochondrodysplasia. Osteochondrodysplasias involve abnormal bone or cartilage growth, leading to skeletal maldevelopment, often short-limbed dwarfism. Diagnosis is by physical examination, x-rays, and, in some cases, genetic testing. Treatment is surgical.

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Osteocartilaginous Exostosis

An osteocartilaginous exostosis (osteochondroma) is a developmental defect in which there is a disturbance in the location and direction of cartilaginous growth. It is found in children and adolescents, and several theories are found in the literature regarding its growth and etiology. When the lesion causes discomfort because of pressure on peripheral nerves and vessels, surgical excision is indicated.

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Molecular Profiling of Bone Tumors

Molecular profiling of bone tumors involves analyzing the genetic and molecular characteristics of tumors to identify specific mutations, biomarkers, and pathways. This approach enhances the understanding of tumor biology and guides personalized treatment strategies.
Molecular profiling of bone tumors uses advanced techniques like next-generation sequencing to map the genetic alterations within a tumor. By identifying specific molecular signatures, this approach helps in predicting tumor behavior, selecting targeted therapies, and improving patient outcomes. It plays a crucial role in the move towards personalized medicine in orthopedic oncology, allowing for more accurate diagnoses and tailored treatment plans that address the unique genetic makeup of each tumor.

Targeted Therapy in Bone Sarcomas

Targeted therapy in bone sarcomas involves using drugs or other substances that specifically target the molecular abnormalities driving the growth of bone tumors. This approach aims to inhibit tumor progression while minimizing damage to healthy tissue.
Targeted therapy in bone sarcomas focuses on addressing specific genetic mutations or molecular pathways that are crucial for tumor survival and growth. By selectively targeting these abnormalities, targeted therapies offer a more precise treatment option compared to traditional chemotherapy. This strategy can improve treatment efficacy, reduce side effects, and enhance overall outcomes for patients with bone sarcomas, making it a key component of modern cancer care in orthopedic oncology.

Liquid Biopsy in Orthopedic Oncology

Liquid biopsy is a minimally invasive diagnostic technique that detects cancer-related genetic material, such as circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) or RNA, in bodily fluids like blood. It is used to monitor tumor progression and response to treatment in orthopedic oncology.
Liquid biopsy in orthopedic oncology involves analyzing blood or other fluids to identify biomarkers associated with bone tumors. This technique offers a non-invasive alternative to traditional tissue biopsies, allowing for real-time monitoring of tumor dynamics, assessment of treatment efficacy, and early detection of relapse. Liquid biopsy provides valuable insights into the molecular landscape of bone sarcomas, aiding in personalized treatment planning and improving patient management.

Immunotherapy for Osteosarcoma

Immunotherapy for osteosarcoma utilizes the body's immune system to target and destroy cancer cells. This approach includes various strategies such as checkpoint inhibitors, CAR-T cell therapy, and monoclonal antibodies.
Immunotherapy for osteosarcoma aims to enhance the immune system's ability to recognize and attack cancer cells. Techniques like checkpoint inhibitors block proteins that inhibit immune response, while CAR-T cell therapy involves engineering a patient’s T-cells to target cancer-specific antigens. Monoclonal antibodies can also be used to mark cancer cells for destruction. This innovative approach seeks to provide new treatment options for osteosarcoma, especially in cases resistant to conventional therapies, offering the potential for more effective and targeted treatment strategies.

3D Printing in Limb-Sparing Surgery

3D printing in limb-sparing surgery involves creating customized, patient-specific implants and prosthetics to replace or reconstruct bone and soft tissue affected by cancer. This technology enhances surgical precision and improves patient outcomes.
3D printing in limb-sparing surgery allows for the production of bespoke implants and prosthetics tailored to the unique anatomical needs of each patient. By using detailed imaging data, surgeons can create highly accurate models and components that fit precisely and function effectively. This approach not only facilitates more effective tumor removal and reconstruction but also helps preserve limb function and mobility, offering significant benefits in the management of orthopedic oncology cases.

Sarcoma

Sarcoma is a rare and diverse group of cancers that originate in connective tissues, including bones, muscles, fat, cartilage, and blood vessels. Unlike more common cancers, such as breast or lung cancer, sarcomas can occur in any part of the body and are categorized into two main types: soft tissue sarcomas and bone sarcomas. Soft tissue sarcomas account for the majority of cases and can manifest in various forms, including liposarcoma, leiomyosarcoma, and synovial sarcoma. Bone sarcomas, such as osteosarcoma and Ewing sarcoma, predominantly affect the skeletal system, often occurring in adolescents and young adults. Early detection is crucial for effective treatment, which may involve surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy. Due to their rarity and complexity, sarcomas require specialized care from orthopedic oncologists who understand the unique characteristics and treatment protocols necessary for managing these challenging tumors