Volatile Phytochemicals: Potential Role in Food Safety and Preservation

Cytokine Research Laboratory, Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston TX 77054, USA

*Corresponding Author:

Amit K. Tyagi
Cytokine Research Laboratory
Department of Experimental Therapeutics
The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center
Houston TX 77054, USA
Tel: 713-792-6543
E-mail: akumar6@mdanderson.org

Received Date: March 09, 2015; Accepted Date: March 11, 2014; Published Date: March 13, 2015

Citation: Tyagi AK, Prasad S (2015) Volatile Phytochemicals: Potential Role in Food Safety and Preservation. Air Water Borne Diseases 4:e133. doi:10.4172/2167-7719.1000e133

Copyright: © 2015 Tyagi AK et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

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Editorial

The antimicrobial activity of various volatile phytochemicals has been studied against different food-borne microbes. In some of our studies essential oils were also tested as food additives or antimicrobial agents using, the actual food model systems. No doubt, the essential oils have high efficiency against the food-borne pathogen and spoilage microorganisms in food matrix however, a higher concentration of essential oil is still needed. Unfortunately, this higher dose may imply an organoleptic impact, caused by altering the natural taste of the food by exceeding the acceptable flavor thresholds. Therefore, some alternative approaches are required to minimize essential oil concentrations. Antimicrobial potential of the essential oil in vapour phase was evaluated as an alternative technique beyond the year 2000, which entailed the development of advanced antimicrobial systems. The concept of integrating upcoming technologies with conventional food preservation methods is also being increasingly explored. These studies are concerning about antimicrobial efficacy of essential oils in vapour phase along with its application potential in combination with another hurdle technology including thermal treatment, high pressure, packaging material and air ions for food preservation [1-3].

One of the most widely used methods for screening the antimicrobial potential of essential oils in vapour phase is the disc volatilization test. Alternatively, some studies have used “kill time assays” [4,5] wherein the microbes are exposed to certain concentrations of essential oil vapours in time as well as dose dependent manner and plates are incubated to determine the microbial growth inhibition. Recently, an innovative methodology has been adopted where several plates can be exposed to essential oil vapours at a time in multiple petriplate exposure chambers. This multiple petriplate exposure chambers are also used for the integration of other air disinfection techniques along with natural volatiles. Initially, Prof Nerin group established the vapour phase antimicrobial activity of clove, cinnamon, thyme and oregano oils against a number of bacterial, fungal and yeast strains. These authors also concluded that vapours from other essential oils such as ginger and rosemary are not so effective. To examine the changes in composition of essential oil vapour atmosphere over time, they performed SDME, GC-MS followed by principal component analysis, and established that carvacrol, thymol and cinnamic aldehyde are most effective in antimicrobial agents. Further, These vapor-phase approaches appear to be very promising and applied in active packaging. Essential oil vapours can create a protective atmosphere with minimum organoleptic alteration of the packaged foods [6]. This kind of packaging is very beneficial for the inhibition of noxious microbes present on the surfaces and interference with the foods. It is also considered an attractive option by packaging manufacturers in the view of the compliance with existing regulations. Regulation 2004/1935/EC of the European council (Regulation (E.C.) No. 1935/2004) stipulates that every substance that is incorporated into food from packaging must meet criteria stated in Council Directive 89/107/EEC concerning food additives/flavorings. Natural extracts, essential oils and other phytochemicals, are categorized as flavorings agents by the European Decision 2002/113/EC (Regulation No. 113/2002/EC) and generally recognized as safe (GRAS) by the U.S. food and drug administration. However, to establish any standardization of these essential oils is not possible because of their variable chemical composition.

For enhancing the efficacy in vapour phase, different combinations of the essential oils were used to determine the additive, synergistic or antagonistic effect. A relative fractional inhibitory concentration index was also established to evaluate the relative contribution of different components in a mixture of various essential oil vapours [7]. We have determined the better performance of essential oil vapours than the liquid oils and justified them by Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Atomic force microscopy (AFM) [5,8,9]. We have observed that essential oil vapour treated cells exhibit more cell membrane disruption, leakage of cytoplasm, increase in cell surface roughness and reduction in cell height. As per the chemical composition of these essential oils and their vapours, it was concluded that enrichment of certain monoterpenes in the vapour phase enhanced the antimicrobial efficacy of vapours. As we found that antimicrobial volatile molecules directly interact with target cells, resulting in a greater affinity toward the cells membrane, ability to partition within the cell membrane and penetrate into the cells. However, the efficacy of essential oil vapours is depending on the chemical constituents as well as their vapour pressure. We have observed that the relative antimicrobial efficacy of selected essential oils in liquid and vapour phase followed the same trend i.e. lemon grass essential oil < mentha essential oil < eucalyptus essential oil [8,10]. Other than chemical constituents, physical state of the volatile compounds also influences the antimicrobial activity. Many environmental factors including temperature and water activity can also modulate the vapour pressure of the volatile compounds and alter the antimicrobial activity [11-14].

For the preservation of real foodstuffs, the matrix for antimicrobial coatings also play a very important role because diffusion of volatiles through antimicrobial coating is strongly influenced by the thickness and nature of polymeric matrix. It was also observed that cinnamon or oregano essential oil incorporating polypropylene films had better antifungal potential than polyethylene/ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer (PE/PVOH) films. One more important factor is the migration rate of the volatile compounds from packaging material into the foodstuffs. Because packaging would have no harmful effects on human beings, acceptance in terms of minimal/tolerable organoleptic effect, the migration of volatiles constituents to food stimulants should be below the limits stipulated in Commission Directive 2002/72/EC. Since food matrices are more complex than culture media, customized or ad hoc solutions need to be applied to specific foodstuffs, depending on their natural microbiota, composition, and capacity to absorb candidate antimicrobial agents. The use of essential oils or their volatile compounds in combination with modified atmospheric packaging has been demonstrated for organoleptic, sensory, nutritive and functional properties of food materials. Essential oil can also used as an air disinfectant in a close chamber or in room because of their volatile nature. These natural volatiles can treat large areas/products without requiring direct contacts with surfaces. This quality can make the essential oils suitable for the exposure of perishable harvested/processed food commodities. It some studies, it is also reported that fruits exposure to eucalyptus/cinnamon oil vapour enrichment improves antimicrobial protection during fresh produce storage and aroma fruit quality-related attributes.

References

1. Tyagi AK, Malik A (2012) Bactericidal action of lemon grass oil vapors and negative air ions. Innovative Food Science & Emerging Technologies 13: 169-177.
2. Tyagi AK, Malik A, Gottardi D, et al (2012) Essential oil vapour and negative air ions: A novel tool for food preservation. Trends in Food Science & Technology 26: 99-113.
3. Tyagi AK, Nirala BK, Malik A, et al. (2008) The effect of negative air ion exposure on Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas fluorescens. Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part a-Toxic/Hazardous Substances & Environmental Engineering 43: 694-699.
4. Tyagi AK, Malik A (2011) Antimicrobial potential and chemical composition of Menthapiperita oil in liquid and vapour phase against food spoiling microorganisms. Food Control 22: 1707-1714.
5. Tyagi AK, Malik A (2011) Antimicrobial potential and chemical composition of Eucalyptus globulus oil in liquid and vapour phase against food spoilage microorganisms. Food Chemistry,126: 228-235.
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7. Goni P, Lopez P, Sanchez C, et al. (2009) Antimicrobial activity in the vapour phase of a combination of cinnamon and clove essential oils. Food Chemistry 116: 982-989.
8. Tyagi AK, Malik A (2010) Liquid and vapour-phase antifungal activities of selected essential oils against Candida albicans: microscopic observations and chemical characterization of Cymbopogoncitratus. BMC Complement Altern Med 10: 65.
9. Tyagi AK, Malik A (2010) Liquid and vapour-phase antifungal activities of selected essential oils against Candida albicans: microscopic observations and chemical characterization of Cymbopogoncitratus. BMC Complement Altern Med 10: 65.
10. Tyagi AK, Malik A (2010) In situ SEM, TEM and AFM studies of the antimicrobial activity of lemon grass oil in liquid and vapour phase against Candida albicans. Micron 41: 797-805.
11. Tyagi AK, Malik A (2010) Antimicrobial action of essential oil vapours and negative air ions against Pseudomonas fluorescens. Int J Food Microbiol 143: 205-210.
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13. Tyagi AK1, Gottardi D, Malik A, Guerzoni ME (2013) Anti-yeast activity of mentha oil and vapours through in vitro and in vivo (real fruit juices) assays. Food Chem 137: 108-114.
14. Bukvicki D, Gottardi D, Tyagi AK, et al. (2014) Scapanianemorea liverwort extracts: Investigation on volatile compounds, in vitro antimicrobial activity and control of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in fruit juice. Lwt-Food Science and Technology 55: 452-4.