Journal of Pulmonology and Respiratory Diseases
Open Access

Transthoracic ultrasound; TTE; Cardiac imaging; Cardiac anatomy; Cardiac function; Diagnostic modality; Critical care; Three-dimensional imaging

Introduction

Transthoracic ultrasound (TTE) has emerged as a crucial diagnostic tool in the realm of cardiology and critical care medicine. With its ability to provide real-time imaging of the heart and surrounding structures, TTE offers invaluable insights into cardiac function and pathology [1,2]. In this review, we delve into the significance of TTE in clinical practice, exploring its utility, advantages, and limitations.

Utility of transthoracic ultrasound

TTE serves as a non-invasive method for evaluating cardiac anatomy, function, and hemodynamics. From assessing chamber dimensions and wall motion to detecting valvular abnormalities and estimating cardiac output, TTE provides comprehensive information to guide clinical decision-making [3,4]. Its portability and bedside applicability make it particularly invaluable in critical care settings, allowing for prompt assessment and monitoring of patients with acute cardiac conditions.

Advantages and innovations

One of the primary advantages of TTE is its safety profile, as it does not involve ionizing radiation or the use of contrast agents. Furthermore, recent technological advancements have enhanced the capabilities of TTE, including the integration of three-dimensional imaging, speckle tracking echocardiography, and contrast-enhanced ultrasound [5,6]. These innovations enable clinicians to obtain more detailed and accurate assessments of cardiac structure and function, improving diagnostic accuracy and patient care outcomes.

Clinical applications

The clinical applications of TTE are extensive, ranging from the evaluation of congenital heart disease and acquired cardiac conditions to the assessment of hemodynamic status in critically ill patients [7]. TTE plays a crucial role in diagnosing conditions such as heart failure, myocardial infarction, valvular heart disease, and pericardial effusion. Moreover, it is instrumental in guiding therapeutic interventions, including the management of shock, monitoring of cardiac function during surgery, and guiding the placement of invasive devices.

Limitations and considerations

Despite its numerous advantages, TTE has certain limitations that must be considered [8]. These include operator dependency, limited acoustic windows in some patients, and challenges in visualizing certain structures, such as the posterior myocardium. Additionally, while TTE provides valuable information, it may not always offer the same level of detail as invasive modalities such as cardiac catheterization or magnetic resonance imaging.

Discussion

Transthoracic ultrasound (TTE) has transformed cardiovascular medicine, offering real-time, non-invasive imaging of cardiac structure and function. Its clinical applications span from routine diagnostic evaluations to critical care scenarios, where its bedside accessibility aids in rapid decision-making. Despite its advantages, TTE does have limitations, including operator dependency and challenges in obtaining optimal images in certain patients. However, ongoing technological advancements, such as three-dimensional imaging and speckle tracking echocardiography, continue to refine its diagnostic capabilities. Future directions for TTE include further integration of artificial intelligence for image interpretation and expanding its utility in telemedicine and point-of-care settings. In conclusion, TTE remains a cornerstone in cardiovascular imaging, providing invaluable insights into cardiac health and guiding clinical management. Continued research and innovation promise to enhance its utility and accessibility, ensuring its continued importance in the care of patients with cardiovascular disease.

Conclusion

Transthoracic ultrasound represents a cornerstone in the field of cardiovascular imaging, offering a non-invasive and versatile approach to assessing cardiac structure and function. With its ability to provide real-time, bedside evaluations, TTE plays a pivotal role in diagnosing and managing a wide range of cardiac conditions. Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for further enhancing the utility and efficacy of TTE in clinical practice, ensuring its continued importance in the care of patients with cardiovascular disease.

1. Lee SH, Lum WC, Boon JG (2022) Particleboard from agricultural biomass and recycled wood waste: A review. J Mater Res Technol 20:4630-4658.

Indexed at, Google Scholar, Crossref

2. Hammiche D, Boukerrou A, Azzeddine B (2019) Characterization of polylactic acid green composites and its biodegradation in a bacterial environment. Int J Polym Anal Charact 24:236-244.

Indexed at, Google Scholar, Crossref

3. Haag AP, Maier RM, Combie J (2004) Bacterially derived biopolymers as wood adhesives. Int J Adhes 24:495-502.

Indexed at, Google Scholar, Crossref

4. Soubam T, Gupta A, Sharma S (2022) Mechanical property study of plywood bonded with dimethylol dihydroxy ethylene urea crosslinked rice starch-natural rubber latex-based adhesive. Mater Today Proc.

Indexed at, Google Scholar, Cross Ref

5. Couret L, Irle M, Belloncle C (2017) Extraction and characterization of cellulose nanocrystals from post-consumer wood fiberboard waste. Cellulose 24:2125-2137.

Indexed at, Google Scholar, Crossref

6. França WT, Barros MV, Salvador R (2021) Integrating life cycle assessment and life cycle cost: A review of environmental-economic studies. Int J Life Cycle Assess 26:244-274.

Indexed at, Google Scholar , Crossref

7. Pędzik M, Janiszewska D, Rogoziński T (2021) Alternative lignocellulosic raw materials in particleboard production: A review. Ind Crops Prod 174:114162.

Indexed at, Google Scholar, Crossref

8. Rajeshkumar G, Seshadri SA, Devnani GL, Sanjay MR (2021) Environment friendly, renewable and sustainable poly lactic acid (PLA) based natural fiber reinforced composites-A comprehensive review. J Clean Prod 310:127483.

Indexed at, Google Scholar, Crossref