Rice Research: Open Access
Open Access

Rice; Rice diseases; Blast disease

Introduction

One of the most destructive rice diseases worldwide is blast disease, caused by the fungus Magnaporthe oryzae. This pathogen can infect rice at all growth stages, from seedlings to mature plants, and is characterized by small, water-soaked lesions on leaves, stems, and grains. As the disease progresses, the lesions enlarge and turn brown, eventually leading to the death of the plant [1-3].

Methodology

Blast disease thrives in warm, humid conditions and is favored by excessive nitrogen fertilizer application and dense planting. To manage blast disease, farmers can adopt cultural practices such as crop rotation, avoiding excessive nitrogen fertilization, and planting disease-resistant varieties. Additionally, fungicides can be applied preventatively or curatively to control the spread of the disease[4, 5].

Bacterial blight

Another significant rice disease is bacterial blight, caused by the bacterium Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae. This disease primarily affects leaves, causing water-soaked lesions that later turn brown and necrotic. In severe cases, bacterial blight can lead to extensive leaf damage, reduced photosynthesis, and yield losses.

Bacterial blight spreads through infected seeds, water, and wind-blown rain, making it challenging to control. Cultural practices such as field sanitation, crop rotation, and avoiding waterlogged conditions can help reduce disease incidence. Planting disease-resistant varieties is also crucial for managing bacterial blight, as well as applying copper-based bactericides during the early stages of infection.

Rice blast disease

Pyricularia oryzae, the causal agent of rice blast disease, is a fungal pathogen that can cause significant yield losses in rice crops worldwide. This disease manifests as irregularly shaped lesions on leaves, stems, panicles, and grains, which are initially grayish-green and later turn brown or black.

Rice blast disease thrives in warm, humid environments and can spread rapidly under favorable conditions. To manage this disease, farmers can adopt cultural practices such as crop rotation, proper water management, and the use of disease-resistant varieties. Fungicides containing active ingredients such as azoxystrobin, tricyclazole, and propiconazole can also be applied preventatively or curatively to control rice blast disease [6-8].

Sheath blight

Sheath blight, caused by the fungus Rhizoctonia solani, is a common and widespread rice disease that can cause significant yield losses under favorable conditions. This disease affects the sheaths and stems of rice plants, causing elongated lesions that girdle the stem and restrict nutrient flow, leading to lodging and reduced grain quality.

Sheath blight thrives in warm, humid conditions and is favored by dense planting, high nitrogen fertility, and waterlogged soils. Cultural practices such as crop rotation, proper spacing, and drainage can help reduce the incidence of sheath blight. Additionally, applying fungicides containing active ingredients such as azoxystrobin, boscalid, and fluoxastrobin can provide effective control of the disease.

Rice tungro disease

Rice tungro disease is a viral disease caused by a complex of two viruses: rice tungro bacilliform virus (RTBV) and rice tungro spherical virus (RTSV). This disease is transmitted by the green leafhopper (Nephotettix virescens) and can cause stunting, yellowing, and reduced tillering in infected plants.

Rice tungro disease is prevalent in lowland rice-growing areas, particularly during the wet season when vector populations are high. To manage this disease, farmers can adopt cultural practices such as early planting, rouging infected plants, and controlling vector populations through the use of insecticides or resistant varieties.

Rice diseases pose significant challenges to rice cultivation and global food security. From fungal pathogens like blast disease and sheath blight to bacterial blight and viral diseases like rice tungro, these pathogens can cause devastating yield losses if left unchecked.

Effective management of rice diseases requires a multifaceted approach that integrates cultural practices, disease-resistant varieties, and chemical control measures. By implementing integrated pest management strategies, conducting regular scouting, and promoting good agricultural practices, farmers can mitigate the impact of rice diseases and safeguard their crops against future outbreaks.

Furthermore, ongoing research and development efforts aimed at understanding the biology of rice pathogens, developing disease-resistant varieties, and improving disease management strategies are essential for ensuring the long-term sustainability of rice production. Through collaboration among scientists, policymakers, extension agents, and farmers, we can work together to protect rice crops from diseases and ensure a stable and resilient food supply for generations to come.

Rice diseases present a significant threat to global food security, with the potential to cause substantial yield losses and economic hardship for farmers. From fungal pathogens like blast disease and sheath blight to bacterial blight and viral diseases such as rice tungro, these pathogens can wreak havoc on rice crops if left unmanaged [9, 10].

Discussion

Effective management of rice diseases requires a comprehensive approach that encompasses cultural practices, disease-resistant varieties, and chemical control measures. Farmers must implement integrated pest management strategies, including crop rotation, proper field sanitation, and early detection through regular scouting, to minimize the impact of diseases on their crops.

Additionally, the development and deployment of disease-resistant rice varieties are crucial for long-term disease management. By breeding varieties with genetic resistance to common rice diseases, researchers can provide farmers with tools to mitigate disease pressure and reduce the reliance on chemical inputs.

Furthermore, ongoing research and extension efforts are essential for disseminating knowledge and best practices to farmers, empowering them to make informed decisions about disease management on their farms. Collaboration among scientists, policymakers, extension agents, and farmers is key to addressing the complex challenges posed by rice diseases and developing sustainable solutions for disease management.

Conclusion

Ultimately, the battle against rice diseases requires a concerted effort from all stakeholders, from researchers and policymakers to farmers and consumers. By investing in research, promoting sustainable agricultural practices, and supporting farmer education and capacity building, we can work together to protect rice crops from diseases and ensure a stable and resilient food supply for future generations.

1. Laden F, Schwartz J, Speizer F, Dockery D (2006) Reduction in fine particulate air pollution and mortality – extended follow-up of the Harvard six cities study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 173: 667-672.

Indexed at, Google Scholar, Crossref

2. Kunzli N, Jerrett M, Mack W, Beckerman B, Labree L, et al. (2005) Ambient air pollution and atherosclerosis in Los Angeles. Environ. Health Perspect 113: 201-206.

Indexed at, Google Scholar, Crossref

3. He C, Morawska L, Hitchins J, Gilbert D (2004) Contribution from indoor sources to particle number and massconcentrations in residential houses. Atmos Environ 38: 3405-3415.

Indexed at, Google Scholar, Crossref

4. Dobbin NA, Sun L, Wallace L, Kulka R, You H, et al. (2018) The benefit of kitchen exhaust fan use after cooking - An experimental assessment. Build Environ 135: 286-296.

Google Scholar, Crossref

5. Kang K, Kim H, Kim DD, Lee YG, Kim T (2019) Characteristics of cooking-generated PM10 and PM2.5 in residential buildings with different cooking and ventilation types. Sci Total Environ 668: 56-66.

Indexed at, Google Scholar, Crossref

6. Sun L, Wallace LA, Dobbin NA, You H, Kulka R, et al. (2018) Effect of venting range hood flow rate on size-resolved ultrafine particle concentrations from gas stove cooking. Aerosol Sci. Tech. 52: 1370-1381.

Google Scholar, Crossref

7. Rim D, Wallace LA, Nabinger S, Persily A (2012) Reduction of exposure to ultrafine particles by kitchen exhaust hoods: The effects of exhaust flow rates, particle size, and burner position. Sci Total Environ. 432: 350-56.

Google Scholar, Crossref

8. Singer BC, Pass RZ, Delp WW, Lorenzetti DM, Maddalena RL (2017) Pollutant concentrations and emission rates from natural gas cooking burners without and with range hood exhaust in nine California homes. Build Environ. 43: 3235-3242.

Indexed at, Google Scholar, Crossref

9. WHO (2005) Air Quality Guidelines - Global update 2005.
10. Kim H, Kang K, Kim T (2018) Measurement of particulate matter (PM2.5) and health risk assessment of cooking-generated particles in the kitchen and living rooms of apartment houses. Sustainability 10: 843.

Google Scholar, Crossref