Biopolymers Research
Open Access

NMR; Molecule; MRI

Introduction

At its core, NMR spectroscopy relies on the interaction between the nuclei of certain atoms and an external magnetic field. Most commonly, hydrogen nuclei (protons) are studied due to their abundance in organic compounds. When placed in a magnetic field, these nuclei align either parallel or anti-parallel to the field. By applying radiofrequency (RF) pulses, the nuclei are momentarily tipped away from this alignment. Upon relaxation, the nuclei emit radiofrequency signals that can be detected and translated into a spectrum, providing valuable information about the sample’s molecular environment [1-3].

Methodology

NMR instruments and techniques

NMR instruments consist of a strong magnet, radiofrequency transmitter and receiver coils, and a computer for data analysis. The strength of the magnetic field, measured in Tesla, influences the resolution and sensitivity of the NMR spectrum. High-field instruments, such as those operating at 400 MHz or higher, are common in research settings [4].

One-dimensional (1D) and two-dimensional (2D) NMR spectroscopy are the two primary techniques employed. 1D NMR provides information about chemical shifts, coupling constants, and peak integrals, aiding in the identification of molecular structures. In contrast, 2D NMR techniques, such as COSY (correlation spectroscopy) and HSQC (heteronuclear single quantum coherence), offer insights into molecular connectivity and interactions [5].

Applications of NMR spectroscopy

NMR spectroscopy finds applications across various scientific disciplines-

Chemistry: In organic and inorganic chemistry, NMR spectroscopy is indispensable for elucidating the structure of compounds, analyzing reaction kinetics, and monitoring chemical equilibria.

Biochemistry: In the study of biomolecules, such as proteins and nucleic acids, NMR spectroscopy provides critical information about their three-dimensional structures, dynamics, and interactions.

Medicine: NMR spectroscopy is employed in medical imaging techniques like magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), offering noninvasive visualization of soft tissues in the human body.

Pharmaceuticals: NMR is crucial in pharmaceutical research for drug development, helping to analyze the structure of potential drug candidates and understand their interactions with biological targets.

Environmental science: NMR spectroscopy can be used to analyze environmental samples, providing insights into soil composition, water quality, and pollutant detection [6-8].

Challenges and future perspectives

While NMR spectroscopy is a powerful tool, it does have limitations. High costs, the need for specialized expertise, and challenges in analyzing large and complex molecules are notable drawbacks. Nevertheless, ongoing advancements, such as the development of novel NMR techniques and instrumentation, continue to address these challenges [9,10].

Conclusion

In conclusion, NMR spectroscopy stands as a cornerstone in modern scientific research, offering a window into the world of molecules. Its applications are diverse, ranging from fundamental chemical studies to cutting-edge medical imaging. As technology advances, NMR spectroscopy is poised to unlock even more secrets, pushing the boundaries of our understanding of the molecular world.

1. Derraik JGB (2002) the pollution of the marine environment by plastic debris: a review. Mar Poll Bull 44: 842-852.

Indexed at, Crossref

2. Barnes DKA, Galgani F, Thompson RC, Barlaz M (2009) Accumulation and fragmentation of plastic debris in global environments. Phil Trans R Soc B 364: 1985-1998.

Indexed at, Crossref

3. Thompson RC, Swan SH, Moore CJ, vom Saal FS (2009) our plastic age. Phil Trans R Soc B 364: 1973-1976.

Indexed at, Crossref

4. Avio CG, Gorbi S, Regoli F (2017) Plastics and microplastics in the oceans: from emerging pollutants to emerged threat. Mar Environ Res 128: 2-11.

Indexed at, Crossref

5. Jambeck JR, Geyer R, Wilcox C, Siegler TR, Perryman M, et al. (2015) Plastic waste inputs from land into the ocean. Science 347: 768-771.

Indexed at, Crossref

6. Law KL (2017) Plastics in the marine environment. Annu Rev MarSci 9: 205-229.

Indexed at, Crossref

7. Andrady AL (2011) Microplastics in the marine environment. Mar Poll Bull 62: 1596-1605.

Indexed at, Crossref

8. Cole M, Lindeque P, Halsband C, Galloway TS (2011) Microplastics as contaminants in the marine environment: a review. Mar Poll Bull 62:2588-2597.

Indexed at, Crossref

9. Van Cauwenberghe L, Vanreusel A, Mees J, Janssen CR (2013) Microplastic pollution in deep-sea sediments. Environ Poll 182: 495-499.

Indexed at, Crossref

10. Obbard RW, Sadri S, Wong YQ, Khitun AA, Baker I (2014) Global warming releases microplastic legacy frozen in Arctic Sea ice. Earth's Future 2:315-320.

Crossref