Journal of Fisheries & Livestock Production
Open Access

Alpine Grasslands; Livestock Turnover; Carrying Capacity; Sustainable Management; Grazing Systems.

Introduction

Alpine grasslands, characterized by their unique ecological and climatic conditions, are vital to both biodiversity and livestock production in mountainous regions. Managing these delicate ecosystems sustainably is essential to ensure their continued health and productivity [1]. Integral to this management is the concept of integrating livestock turnover with dynamic carrying capacity two critical factors that influence the sustainability of alpine grassland systems.

Livestock turnover refers to the rate at which animals are introduced and removed from the grazing system, impacting the grassland's ability to recover and maintain ecological balance. Effective management of livestock turnover is crucial for preventing overgrazing, which can lead to soil erosion, loss of vegetation, and decreased biodiversity. Conversely, dynamic carrying capacity accounts for the fluctuations in the grassland's ability to support livestock based on seasonal changes, weather patterns, and vegetation growth. This concept emphasizes the need for adaptive management practices that respond to the varying conditions of the grassland throughout the year. The integration of these factors involves developing strategies that balance the ecological needs of the grassland with the economic requirements of livestock production [2].

This approach not only aims to maximize forage use and maintain livestock health but also strives to preserve the ecological integrity of the alpine environment. Understanding how livestock turnover and carrying capacity dynamics interact provides a foundation for creating sustainable management practices that can adapt to changing conditions and support long-term grassland health [3]. This paper explores the interplay between livestock turnover and dynamic carrying capacity in the context of alpine grassland management. By reviewing recent research, case studies, and management practices, it aims to offer insights into how these factors can be effectively integrated to achieve sustainable outcomes. The discussion will highlight the importance of adaptive management strategies that consider both ecological and economic dimensions, providing practical recommendations for optimizing grassland management and ensuring the resilience of alpine ecosystems [4].

Discussion

The integration of livestock turnover and dynamic carrying capacity is pivotal for the sustainable management of alpine grasslands, reflecting a nuanced approach to balancing ecological health and livestock productivity. This discussion delves into the implications of integrating these factors, examines successful management strategies, and highlights areas for future research [5].

Balancing Livestock Turnover and Carrying Capacity

Effective management of livestock turnover is crucial for maintaining the ecological balance of alpine grasslands. By adjusting the number and type of animals based on the grassland’s condition and seasonal variations, managers can prevent overgrazing and promote vegetative recovery. Dynamic carrying capacity—defined by fluctuating factors such as precipitation, temperature, and plant growth—requires a flexible approach to grazing that adapts to changing environmental conditions. Integrating these concepts ensures that livestock pressure is aligned with the grassland’s ability to regenerate, thus supporting sustainable forage utilization and minimizing soil erosion and degradation [6].

Adaptive Management Practices

Adopting adaptive management practices is essential for responding to the variability inherent in alpine grassland ecosystems. This includes implementing rotational grazing systems, where livestock are periodically moved between different pastures to allow for rest and recovery of grazed areas. Such systems help in maintaining plant diversity and soil health while optimizing forage production. Additionally, incorporating real-time monitoring tools and technologies—such as remote sensing and climate models—can enhance the ability to adjust stocking rates and grazing strategies based on current conditions [7].

Case Studies and Success Stories

Several case studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of integrating livestock turnover with dynamic carrying capacity. For instance, research in the Swiss Alps has shown that well-managed rotational grazing systems can improve vegetation cover and soil quality, while maintaining livestock productivity. Similarly, in the Rocky Mountains, adaptive grazing management has led to increased plant diversity and reduced erosion. These examples underscore the importance of tailoring management strategies to specific regional and environmental contexts, and highlight the potential benefits of integrating ecological principles with livestock management [8].

Challenges and Limitations

Despite the advantages, integrating livestock turnover with dynamic carrying capacity presents several challenges. One major obstacle is the need for accurate and timely data to inform management decisions. This requires investment in monitoring infrastructure and data analysis capabilities. Furthermore, managing livestock turnover and adjusting carrying capacity may be complex in areas with limited access to real-time information or where traditional grazing practices are deeply ingrained [9]. Addressing these challenges involves building capacity among stakeholders, including farmers, land managers, and policymakers, to support the implementation of adaptive management strategies. Future research should focus on developing and refining methods for integrating livestock turnover and dynamic carrying capacity. This includes exploring innovative technologies for monitoring and managing grassland conditions, such as remote sensing and decision-support systems. Additionally, there is a need for more comprehensive studies that evaluate the long-term impacts of different management practices on both ecological health and livestock productivity. Collaboration between researchers, practitioners, and local communities is essential for advancing sustainable grassland management practices and ensuring their successful implementation [10].

Conclusion

The integration of livestock turnover and dynamic carrying capacity is crucial for the sustainable management of alpine grasslands. By adopting adaptive management practices and leveraging technological advancements, it is possible to achieve a balance between livestock productivity and ecological health. Addressing the challenges and embracing the opportunities presented by these factors will be key to maintaining the resilience of alpine grassland ecosystems and supporting the livelihoods of those who depend on them.

Sailfish are a type of billfish, belonging to the genus Istiophorus Lacepède, 1801 with only two extant species [1] The Atlantic sailfish Istiophorus albicans (Latreille, 1804), which is common in the Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean Sea, and Gulf of Mexico, and the Indo-Pacific sailfish Istiophorus platypterus (Shaw, 1792), native to the Indian and Pacific Oceans [2]. Historically, the only billfish species known to inhabit the Mediterranean Sea, including Lebanese waters [3], is Tetrapturus belone Rafinesque, 1810, commonly referred to as the Mediterranean spearfish [2, 4,5]. However notable catches such as the Black marlin Istiompax indica (Cuvier, 1832) have also been reported in the eastern Mediterranean, from the Lebanese waters [6]. In this context, this note aims to report an unusual record of sailfish in the eastern Mediterranean Sea from Lebanese waters.

Two specimens of sailfish, one adult and one juvenile, were caught from the northern Lebanese waters. The adult specimen was caught by the fisherman (©Abdallah Hlayhel) on the 5th of August 2024 during a journey fishing trip to investigate the trapnet (i.e., trapnet fishing involves setting up a net structure that guides fish into a confined area from which they cannot escape, often used in shallow waters) in the waters of Qalamoun, north of Lebanon (34°22'58"N; 35°45'51"E). The specimen was suddenly observed, then evaded the installed trapnet, and was subsequently captured by spearfishing at a depth of 4 meters. It was then offered for sale in the fish market of Mina city, north Lebanon. After a couple of days, and on the 7th of August 2024, a juvenile specimen of sailfish was accidentally caught by the fisherman (©Tony AlDayaa) during a night fishing trip using the sabiki fishing lure (i.e., the sabiki lure is a rig with multiple small hooks, often adorned with attractors like beads and feathers, which are jigged in the water to simulate small prey and attract fish) at a depth of 2 meters in the waters of Enfeh, north Lebanon (34°22'10"N; 35°43'48"E). Due to its small size, the captured juvenile sailfish was released by the fisherman. Subsequently, the two fishermen were contacted by one of us (SF) to obtain more information. Accordingly, the fishermen shared all the necessary information, photos, and videos for the confirmation and identification of the species. For future genetic and molecular analysis, a small sample of the adult sailfish was collected and preserved in Palm Island Nature Reserve under the code PINR02. Based on [2], and [5], the two captured specimen were morphologically described. The captured sailfish specimens in the Lebanese waters were distinguished by their high, blue-black, sail-like dorsal fin covered with black spots (Figure 1). The dark blue coloration along the upper half of the body, which fades to a brownish-blue hue on the sides and transitions to a silver-white color on the belly (Figure 1B, 1E). The specimens were also characterized by their elongated upper jaw, resembling a spear (Figure 1). The captured adult sailfish measured 190 cm in length and weighed 22 kg.

Figure 1: Sailfish species captured in the Lebanese waters, the adult sailfish captured in Qalamoun waters, north Lebanon © Abdallah Hlayhel. The juvenile sailfish captured in Enfeh waters, north Lebanon © Tony AlDayaa.

From a morphological point of view, Istiophorus albicans and Istiophorus platypterus are often difficult to differentiate due to their similar appearance. Recent genetic research has suggested that they may indeed be the same species [7], although some debate persists (Aguilar.pers.comm.). It is well recognized that sailfish species feeds on a wide variety of prey (e.g., zooplankton, large bony fishes, crustaceans and squids) throughout their lifetimes. In addition, they work together, using their dorsal fins to create a barrier around their prey, in order to feed on smaller schooling fish, such as sardines and anchovies. Although their meat is tough and not widely consumed, giving them little economic value to commercial fisheries. However, they are considered popular targets in sport fishing [2], [5]. This combination of unique feeding strategies and their popularity in sport fishing highlights the ecological significance and enduring appeal of sailfish, despite their limited commercial value. However, the introduction of sailfish into new areas, such as the Mediterranean Sea, could alter local ecosystems, potentially impacting prey populations and the balance of marine food websRecent records reveal a consistent increase in marine species within Lebanese waters, with the majority of these new records likely originating from the Indo-Pacific region via the Suez Canal [3], [8]. The Lebanese coast, approximately 400 km from the Suez Canal recognized as the primary introduction pathway renders this region particularly vulnerable to such species introductions. Considering the geographical distribution and proximity to the Suez Canal, the recent capture of two sailfish specimens in Lebanese waters suggests they could be Indo-Pacific sailfish (Istiophorus platypterus) that have entered the Mediterranean Sea through this route. Nevertheless, conclusive species identification necessitates further genetic and molecular analyses. Irrespective of the species, continuous monitoring remains essential to assess the impact and status of these new records in the Mediterranean Sea, particularly given Lebanon's proximity to this key introduction route.

Acknowledgement

The authors thank the two Lebanese fishers Abdallah Hlayhel, and Tony AlDayaa for their cooperation.

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