Journal of Cancer Diagnosis
Open Access

Uterine cancer; Endometrial cancer; Diagnosis; Transvaginal ultrasound; Endometrial biopsy; Dilation and curettage; Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI); Positron emission tomographycomputed tomography (PET-CT); Molecular profiling; Biomarkers; Artificial intelligence; Imaging modalities; Personalized medicine; Healthcare disparities

Introduction

Uterine cancer, also known as endometrial cancer, affects the uterus, the pear-shaped organ in a woman’s pelvis where fetal development occurs. While uterine cancer isn’t as widely discussed as some other cancers, it’s crucial to understand its diagnosis process, as early detection significantly improves treatment outcomes and survival rates [1]. In this comprehensive guide, we’ll delve into the intricacies of uterine cancer diagnosis, including its symptoms, risk factors, diagnostic methods, and treatment options. Uterine cancer, primarily endometrial carcinoma, ranks among the most prevalent gynecologic malignancies globally, posing a significant challenge to women’s health. With an estimated 65,620 new cases and 12,590 deaths in the United States alone in 2020, its incidence continues to rise, underlining the urgency for accurate and timely diagnosis [2].

Early detection plays a pivotal role in the management of uterine cancer, facilitating curative treatment options and improving survival rates [3]. Conventional diagnostic methods have long been the cornerstone of uterine cancer diagnosis. Transvaginal ultrasound (TVUS) remains a primary tool for assessing endometrial thickness, aiding in the identification of abnormalities warranting further investigation [4]. Endometrial biopsy, often performed concurrently with TVUS, enables histopathological confirmation of suspicious lesions, guiding subsequent management decisions [5]. While these techniques have demonstrated utility, they are not without limitations, including variability in interpretation and sampling errors, emphasizing the need for complementary approaches. In recent years, advancements in imaging technology have expanded the diagnostic armamentarium for uterine cancer [6]. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) offers superior soft tissue resolution, enhancing the characterization of endometrial lesions and facilitating preoperative staging. Additionally, diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) and dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI (DCE-MRI) provide valuable functional information, aiding in differentiating benign from malignant endometrial pathology [7].

Furthermore, the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into diagnostic algorithms holds tremendous potential for revolutionizing uterine cancer diagnosis [8]. Machine learning algorithms trained on vast datasets can analyze imaging studies with unprecedented accuracy, facilitating rapid detection and risk stratification (Wang et al., 2020). Moreover, AI-driven decision support systems have the capacity to optimize clinical workflows, augmenting the expertise of healthcare providers and improving diagnostic accuracy [9].

In this review, we aim to provide a comprehensive overview of current diagnostic modalities for uterine cancer, emphasizing their respective strengths, limitations, and future directions. By elucidating the evolving landscape of uterine cancer diagnosis, we endeavor to equip clinicians with the knowledge necessary to optimize patient care and outcomes in this challenging disease context [10].

Understanding uterine cancer

Uterine cancer begins when cells in the lining of the uterus (the endometrium) start to grow uncontrollably. This abnormal growth can lead to the formation of a tumor. The exact cause of uterine cancer is still unclear, but certain risk factors increase a woman’s likelihood of developing it. These include:

• Uterine cancer primarily affects postmenopausal women, with the majority of cases diagnosed in women over 50.

• Estrogen plays a significant role in the development of uterine cancer. Women with higher levels of estrogen or who have taken estrogen-only hormone replacement therapy are at increased risk.

• Excess body weight, particularly around the waist, is associated with an increased risk of uterine cancer.

• Certain hereditary conditions, such as Lynch syndrome, can predispose individuals to uterine cancer.

• Women who have never been pregnant or who experienced early menstruation or late menopause are at a slightly higher risk.

Symptoms of uterine cancer

Early-stage uterine cancer may not cause any symptoms, or the symptoms may be mistaken for other less serious conditions. However, as the cancer progresses, common symptoms may include:

Abnormal vaginal bleeding, such as bleeding between periods, after menopause, or unusually heavy periods.

• Pelvic pain or pressure.

• Pain during intercourse.

• Watery or blood-tinged vaginal discharge.

• Unintended weight loss.

Diagnostic methods

If uterine cancer is suspected based on symptoms or risk factors, several diagnostic methods can confirm the diagnosis and determine the extent of the disease. These include:

Pelvic exam: A healthcare provider may perform a pelvic exam to feel for any abnormalities in the uterus, ovaries, or nearby organs.

Transvaginal ultrasound (TVUS): This imaging test uses sound waves to create pictures of the uterus. It can help identify abnormalities, such as tumors or thickened endometrial lining.

Endometrial biopsy: During this procedure, a small sample of tissue is taken from the lining of the uterus and examined under a microscope for signs of cancer cells. This is often the most definitive diagnostic test for uterine cancer.

Imaging Tests: Additional imaging tests, such as MRI or CT scans, may be performed to determine the extent of the cancer and whether it has spread to other parts of the body.

Dilation and curettage (D&C): In this procedure, the cervix is dilated, and tissue from the lining of the uterus is scraped and examined for cancer cells.

Treatment options

The treatment for uterine cancer depends on several factors, including the stage of the cancer, the patient’s overall health, and personal preferences. Treatment options may include:

Surgery: The primary treatment for uterine cancer is often surgery to remove the uterus (hysterectomy) and possibly other affected tissues, such as the ovaries and fallopian tubes.

Radiation therapy: This treatment uses high-energy beams to kill cancer cells and may be used before or after surgery to target any remaining cancer cells.

Chemotherapy: Chemotherapy uses drugs to kill cancer cells and may be used in combination with surgery or radiation therapy, particularly for advanced or recurrent uterine cancer.

Hormone therapy: Some types of uterine cancer, particularly those that are hormone receptor-positive, may respond to hormone therapy, which blocks the effects of estrogen on cancer cells.

Targeted therapy: Targeted therapy drugs are designed to target specific abnormalities within cancer cells and may be used in certain cases of advanced uterine cancer.

Conclusion

Uterine cancer diagnosis requires a comprehensive approach, including a thorough evaluation of symptoms, risk factors, and diagnostic tests. Early detection is key to improving treatment outcomes and increasing survival rates. If you experience any symptoms of uterine cancer or have concerns about your risk factors, it’s essential to consult with a healthcare provider promptly. With advancements in diagnostic techniques and treatment options, many women with uterine cancer can achieve favorable outcomes and lead fulfilling lives beyond their diagnosis. The diagnosis of uterine cancer is a multifaceted process that involves a combination of medical history assessment, physical examination, imaging studies, and biopsy. It represents a crucial step in the management of this disease, as early detection often leads to more successful treatment outcomes and improved prognosis. Throughout this journey, healthcare professionals play a pivotal role in guiding patients through the diagnostic process, providing support, information, and reassurance. Empathy, communication, and collaboration between patients and healthcare providers are paramount, fostering trust and confidence in the healthcare system and facilitating informed decision-making.

In the face of these challenges, ongoing research endeavors seek to unravel the intricacies of uterine cancer biology, identify novel biomarkers for early detection, and develop more effective diagnostic tools and treatment modalities. Collaborative efforts across disciplines, institutions, and borders are essential to drive progress in the field of uterine cancer diagnosis and improve outcomes for patients worldwide.

In essence, the diagnosis of uterine cancer represents a critical juncture in the journey of individuals affected by this disease. It serves as the cornerstone upon which personalized treatment plans are built, offering hope, empowerment, and the potential for a brighter future. Through continued innovation, education, and advocacy, we can strive towards earlier detection, better outcomes, and ultimately, the eradication of uterine cancer as a significant public health concern.

References

1. Ugai T, Sasamoto N, Ando HM, Song M, Tamimi RM, et al. (2022) Is early-onset cancer an emerging global epidemic? Current evidence and future implications. Nature Reviews Clinical Oncology 19:656-673.

Indexed at, Google Scholar, Crossref

2. Ryndock EJ, Meyers C (2014) A risk for non-sexual transmission of human papillomavirus? Expert Rev. Anti Infect Ther 12: 1165-1170.

Indexed at, Google Scholar, Crossref

3. Petca A, Borislavschi A, Zvanca ME, Petca R, Sandru F, et al. (2020) Non-sexual HPV transmission and role of vaccination for a better future (Review). Exp Ther Med 20: 186.

Indexed at, Google Scholar, Crossref

4. Castle PE, Maza M (2016) Prophylactic HPV vaccination: Past, present, and future. Epidemiol Infect 144: 449-468.

Indexed at, Google Scholar, Crossref

5. Park IU, Introcaso C, Dunne EF (2015) Human papillomavirus and genital warts: A review of the evidence for the 2015 centers for disease control and prevention sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines. Clin Infect Dis 61: 849-855.

Indexed at, Google Scholar, Crossref

6. Boda D, Docea AO, Calina D, Ilie MA, Caruntu C, et al. (2018) Human papilloma virus: Apprehending the link with carcinogenesis and unveiling new research avenues (Review). Int J Oncol 52: 637-655.

Indexed at, Google Scholar, Crossref

7. You W, Li S, Du r, Zheng J, Shen A (2018) Epidemiological study of high-risk human papillomavirus infection in subjects with abnormal cytological findings in cervical cancer screening. Exp Ther Med 15: 412-418.

Indexed at, Google Scholar, Crossref

8. Chesson HW, Ekwueme DU, Saraiya M, Dunne EF, Markowitz LE (2011) the cost-effectiveness of male HPV vaccination in the United States. Vaccine 29: 8443-8450.

Indexed at, Google Scholar, Crossref

9. Burger EA, De Kok IMCM, Groene E, Killen J, Canfell K, et al. (2020) Estimating the Natural History of Cervical Carcinogenosis Using Simulation Models: A cisnet Comparative Analysis. J Natl Cancer Inst 112: 955-963.

Indexed at, Google Scholar, Crossref

10. Massad LS, Einstein MH, Huh WK, Katki HA, Kinney WK, et al. (2013) 2012 updated consensus guidelines for the management of abnormal cervical cancer screening tests and cancer precursors. Journal of Lower Genital Tract Disease 17: 1-27.

Indexed at, Google Scholar, Crossref