Atherosclerosis: Open Access
Open Access

Lipoproteins; Cardiovascular health; Cholesterol; Triglycerides; Atherosclerosis; Coronary heart disease; Chylomicrons; Very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDL); Low-density lipoproteins (LDL); High-density lipoproteins (HDL); Dyslipidemia; Lifestyle modifications; Medication; Lipid transport; Heart disease; Research; Therapy

Introduction

Lipoproteins, intricate molecular structures composed of lipids and proteins, are integral to the functioning of the circulatory system and play a pivotal role in cardiovascular health. These dynamic compounds serve as the body’s transport system for lipids, including cholesterol and triglycerides, enabling them to traverse the bloodstream and reach their intended destinations within the body [1,2]. Understanding the fundamentals of lipoproteins is crucial, as imbalances in their levels have profound implications for cardiovascular well-being, particularly in relation to the development of atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease [3]. In this article, we embark on a journey into the world of lipoproteins, exploring their various types, functions, and their paramount importance in maintaining a healthy cardiovascular system. We will shed light on the roles of chylomicrons, very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDL), low-density lipoproteins (LDL), and highdensity lipoproteins (HDL) in the intricate process of lipid transport, and how each type contributes to, or protects against, cardiovascular ailments[4,5]. Dyslipidemia, a condition characterized by the abnormal levels of these lipoproteins, is a common risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. Therefore, we will also delve into the methods of managing these levels, both through lifestyle modifications and, when necessary, with the assistance of medication [6]. Moreover, this article will highlight the latest developments in the field of lipoprotein research, offering insights into cutting-edge studies that explore novel therapeutic approaches and further our understanding of the complex interplay between lipoproteins and cardiovascular health [7,8]. By gaining a comprehensive understanding of lipoproteins, their functions, and their regulation, individuals can empower themselves to take proactive steps in safeguarding their cardiovascular health and minimizing the risk of heart disease [9,10].

Lipoproteins: The basics

Lipoproteins are complex molecular assemblies made up of lipids and proteins. They serve as vehicles for the transport of lipids, primarily cholesterol and triglycerides, through the bloodstream. This is essential because lipids are not soluble in blood and must be packaged within lipoproteins for efficient delivery to various tissues and organs.

There are several types of lipoproteins, each with distinct compositions and functions. The primary lipoproteins include:

Chylomicrons: These are the largest and least dense lipoproteins, primarily composed of triglycerides. Chylomicrons transport dietary fats absorbed from the intestines to adipose tissue for storage and to muscle tissue for energy utilization.

Very-Low-Density Lipoproteins (VLDL): VLDLs are responsible for transporting triglycerides synthesized by the liver to adipose and muscle tissues. They are smaller and denser than chylomicrons.

Low-Density Lipoproteins (LDL): Often referred to as “bad cholesterol,” LDL particles carry cholesterol from the liver to various cells in the body. When there is an excess of LDL in the bloodstream, it can accumulate in arterial walls, leading to atherosclerosis.

High-Density Lipoproteins (HDL): HDL particles are often referred to as “good cholesterol” because they help transport excess cholesterol from peripheral tissues back to the liver for excretion, reducing the risk of atherosclerosis.

The role of lipoproteins in cardiovascular health: Lipoproteins play a crucial role in cardiovascular health, as they are intimately connected to the development of atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease. Atherosclerosis is a condition in which fatty deposits, including cholesterol, accumulate on the inner walls of arteries, leading to the formation of plaques. These plaques can restrict blood flow and, if they rupture, trigger a blood clot that may result in a heart attack or stroke.

LDL cholesterol is a significant contributor to atherosclerosis. When there is an excess of LDL particles in the bloodstream, they can infiltrate the arterial walls, promoting plaque formation. On the other hand, HDL cholesterol helps protect against atherosclerosis by facilitating the removal of excess cholesterol from arterial plaques.

Dyslipidemia and cardiovascular risk

Dyslipidemia refers to abnormal levels of lipoproteins in the bloodstream and is a common risk factor for cardiovascular disease. The following conditions are associated with dyslipidemia:

Hypercholesterolemia: Elevated levels of LDL cholesterol are a key feature of this condition. It increases the risk of atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease.

Hypertriglyceridemia: Elevated levels of triglycerides, often accompanied by increased VLDL levels, are associated with a greater risk of cardiovascular events.

Low HDL Cholesterol: Low levels of HDL cholesterol reduce the body’s ability to remove excess cholesterol from arterial plaques, contributing to atherosclerosis.

Mixed Dyslipidemia: This condition involves multiple lipid abnormalities, such as elevated LDL, triglycerides, and low HDL cholesterol, which further increase the risk of cardiovascular disease.

Managing lipoprotein levels: To reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease, it is essential to manage lipoprotein levels. Lifestyle modifications and, in some cases, medication are commonly used approaches.

The future of lipoprotein research: Research in the field of lipoproteins continues to advance, with a focus on understanding the intricacies of lipoprotein metabolism and exploring novel therapeutic approaches. Some promising areas of research include the development of genetically engineered therapies to lower LDL cholesterol, the role of inflammation in atherosclerosis, and the impact of lipoprotein subfractions on cardiovascular risk.

Conclusion

Lipoproteins, as the unsung heroes of the circulatory system, are essential for maintaining cardiovascular health. They enable the efficient transport of lipids, including cholesterol and triglycerides, throughout the body, ensuring the vital functions of various tissues and organs. Our exploration of lipoproteins in this article has shed light on their diverse roles, from the transportation of dietary fats to safeguarding against atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease. The significance of lipoproteins in cardiovascular health cannot be overstated, particularly in the context of atherosclerosis. Understanding the roles of chylomicrons, very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDL), low-density lipoproteins (LDL), and high-density lipoproteins (HDL) has provided valuable insights into the delicate balance that must be maintained to protect our arteries and overall heart health. Dyslipidemia, characterized by abnormal lipoprotein levels, is a wellrecognized risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. Fortunately, we have also explored the means of managing these levels through lifestyle modifications and, when necessary, through the use of medication. By adopting heart-healthy dietary choices, engaging in regular physical activity, quitting smoking, and maintaining a healthy weight, individuals can take control of their lipid profiles and reduce their risk of heart disease. As we look to the future, it is evident that research in the field of lipoproteins is advancing rapidly. Promising areas of exploration include genetically engineered therapies to lower LDL cholesterol, the role of inflammation in atherosclerosis, and the impact of lipoprotein subfractions on cardiovascular risk. These developments hold the potential to reshape the way we manage cardiovascular health and mitigate the risks associated with imbalanced lipoprotein levels.

1. Polonsky TS, McClelland RL, Jorgensen NW, Bild DE, Burke GL et al. (2010) Coronary artery calcium score and risk classification for coronary heart disease prediction. JAMA. 303:1610-1616.

Indexed at, Google Scholar, Crossref

2. Arad Y, Goodman KJ, Roth M, Newstein D, Guerci AD.(2005)Coronary calcification, coronary disease risk factors, C‐reactive protein, and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease events: the St. Francis Heart Study. J Am Coll Cardiol.46:158-165.

Indexed at , Google Scholar, Crossref

3. Traill LW, Lim LMM, Sodhi NS, BradshawCJA (2010) Mechanisms driving change: altered species interactions and ecosystem function through global warming. J Anim Ecol 79:937-47.

Indexed at, Google Scholar, Crossref

4. Ross R. (1986). The pathogenesis of atherosclerosis—an update.New England journal of medicine314: 488-500.

Indexed at , Google Scholar , Crossref

5. Ugurlucan M, Akay MT, Erdinc I, Ozras DM, Conkbayir C E et al(2019) Anticoagulation strategy in patients with atrial fibrillation after carotid endarterectomy. Acta Chir Belg 2019; 119: 209-216.

Indexed at, Google Scholar, Crossref

6. Douros A, Renoux C, Yin H, Filion KB ,Suissa S, et al ( 2017) Concomitant use of direct oral anticoagulants with antiplatelet agents and the risk of major bleeding in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation Am J Med 132 : 191-199.

Indexed at, Google Scholar, Crossref

7. Kasiske B L (1988) Risk factors for accelerated atherosclerosis in renal transplant recipients. Am J Med 84: 985-992.

Indexed at, Google Scholar, Crossref

8. Jabbar A, Abbas T, Sandhu ZUD Saddiqi HA, Qamar M. F et al.(2015). Tick-borne diseases of bovines in Pakistan: major scope for future research and improved control. Parasit Vector 8: 283.

sIndexed at, Google Scholar, Crossref

9. Jess T, Horvath Puho E, Fallingborg J, Rasmussen HH, Jacobsen BA (2013)Cancer risk in inflammatory bowel disease according to patient phenotype and treatment: a danish population-based cohort study. Ame J Gastro 108: 1869-1876.

Indexed at, Google Scholar, Crossref

10. Lorentzen HF, Benfield T, Stisen S, Rahbek C (2020) COVID-19 is possibly a consequence of the anthropogenic biodiversity crisis and climate changes.Dan Med J67: 20-25.

Indexed at, Google Scholar