Journal of Clinical & Experimental Pathology
Open Access

One kind of tumor that develops from the meninges, the membranes encircling the brain and spinal cord, is called a meningioma. These tumors are usually benign, which means they are not usually cancerous, and they grow slowly. On the other hand, when they grow, they may impose strain on surrounding structures and create symptoms. In rare cases, meningiomas can be malignant and more aggressive. Meningiomas are classified based on their location and histological features. The World Health Organization (WHO) categorizes them into three grades. Grade I are benign tumors that grow slowly and have well-defined borders. Grade II which is also known as atypical meningiomas, these tumors may grow more quickly and have less distinct borders. Grade III are malignant meningiomas, also called anaplastic meningiomas, and they tend to grow rapidly and invade surrounding tissues.

The exact cause of meningiomas is still not fully understood. However, several risk factors have been identified. Previous exposure to radiation, such as radiation therapy for other conditions, increases the risk of developing a meningioma. Certain genetic conditions, such as Neurofibromatosis Type 2 (NF2), can predispose individuals to meningiomas. There is evidence to suggest that hormones, particularly estrogen and progesterone, may play a role in the development and growth of meningiomas. The symptoms of a meningioma vary depending on its size, location, and rate of growth. Common symptoms may include, headaches, seizures, weakness or numbness in the limbs, changes in vision or hearing, difficulty with balance or coordination, personality changes or cognitive impairment

Diagnosis of a meningioma typically involves a combination of imaging studies and biopsy. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and Computed Tomography (CT) scans are commonly used to visualize the tumor and its location. A tissue sample may be obtained through a surgical procedure to confirm the diagnosis and determine the tumor grade. Meningioma treatment is contingent upon a number of criteria, such as the size, location, grade, and general health of the patient. Small, asymptomatic meningiomas may be monitored closely with regular imaging studies to track their growth. Surgical removal of the tumor is often the preferred treatment for symptomatic or growing meningiomas. The goal is to remove as much of the tumor as possible while preserving neurological function. Radiation may be used as the primary treatment for tumors that cannot be completely removed surgically or as adjuvant therapy following surgery to target any remaining tumor cells.

In some cases, medications such as hormone therapy or targeted therapies may be used to slow the growth of meningiomas or alleviate symptoms. The prognosis for meningioma patients varies depending on several factors, including the tumor grade, size, location, and the effectiveness of treatment. Most benign meningiomas can be successfully treated with surgery, and patients often have a good longterm prognosis. However, the prognosis for malignant meningiomas is generally less favorable, and these tumors may be more challenging to treat. Meningiomas are common tumors that arise from the meninges surrounding the brain and spinal cord. While most meningiomas are benign and slow-growing, they can cause symptoms by putting pressure on nearby structures as they grow. Overall, the prognosis for meningioma patients is generally favorable, particularly for benign tumors that can be successfully treated with surgery. However, close monitoring and individualized treatment plans are essential to optimize outcomes for patients with meningiomas.