Oil & Gas Research
Open Access

Tracer characteristic curves; Fracture-cave structures; Carbonate reservoir; Fluid flow behaviour; Reservoir management; Reservoir characterization

Introduction

Carbonate reservoirs are essential sources of oil and gas, contributing significantly to global energy production. However, the complex geological features found in carbonate formations, such as fractures and caves, pose unique challenges to reservoir characterization and hydrocarbon recovery. The accurate understanding of fluid flow behavior within fracture-cave structures is crucial for optimizing oil and gas production in such reservoirs [1].

This experimental research focuses on investigating the tracer characteristic curves for fracture-cave structures in a carbonate oil and gas reservoir. Tracer experiments offer valuable insights into the flow patterns and connectivity of fractures and caves, allowing for a more comprehensive understanding of reservoir dynamics. By utilizing laboratory experiments with synthetic models that replicate the reservoir’s complex features, this study aims to enhance reservoir management strategies and improve hydrocarbon recovery efficiency.

The introduction of tracers into the experimental setup allows for the tracking and monitoring of fluid movement through the fracturecave network. By analyzing the tracer data, researchers can construct tracer characteristic curves, which provide information about the breakthrough of tracers at different monitoring points within the model [2]. These curves serve as valuable tools to evaluate the flow paths, fluid velocities, and storage capacities of fracture-cave structures.

The findings of this research have significant implications for reservoir management and hydrocarbon production. Understanding the connectivity and behavior of fractures and caves can guide decision-making processes related to well placement, hydraulic fracturing design, and enhanced oil recovery techniques. Improved reservoir characterization based on tracer data can lead to optimized production strategies, increased recovery rates, and ultimately more efficient utilization of hydrocarbon resources [3].

To validate the experimental results, a comparison with real-world field data from carbonate oil and gas reservoirs is conducted. This validation process aims to assess the applicability and accuracy of the experimental findings to actual reservoir scenarios, strengthening the reliability of the tracer approach for fracture-cave characterization.

While this study provides valuable insights into fluid flow behavior in fracture-cave structures, it is essential to recognize certain limitations. The experiments are conducted on simplified models, and real-world reservoir conditions can be more complex [4]. As a result, future research may focus on incorporating additional factors, such as reservoir heterogeneity, anisotropy, and fluid properties, to further refine our understanding of fluid flow dynamics in carbonate reservoirs.

Overall, this experimental research on tracer characteristic curves for fracture-cave structures represents a significant step towards improved reservoir management and enhanced hydrocarbon recovery in carbonate oil and gas reservoirs. The knowledge gained from this study contributes to a more comprehensive understanding of fluid flow behavior, guiding the industry towards sustainable and efficient utilization of these valuable hydrocarbon resources [5].

Methods

To investigate the tracer characteristic curves of fracture-cave structures, a series of laboratory experiments were conducted using a specially designed experimental setup. The setup included a transparent model representing a simplified carbonate reservoir, featuring synthetic fractures and caves. The model was equipped with pressure and temperature monitoring systems to simulate reservoir conditions accurately. Tracers were injected into the model to track fluid movement through the fracture-cave network.

Tracer injection and monitoring

In the experimental setup, a known amount of tracers, typically inert chemical compounds, was introduced into the fracture-cave model. The tracers were selected to be non-reactive with the reservoir fluids and had distinguishable signatures for identification during the monitoring process. Fluid flow was simulated by applying pressure differentials to simulate the natural driving forces within the reservoir.

Tracer characteristic curves

As the tracers flowed through the fracture-cave network, data on tracer concentrations and arrival times were continuously collected and monitored. The data were then used to construct tracer characteristic curves, which represent the breakthrough of tracers at various monitoring points within the model. These curves provided valuable information about the flow paths and velocities of fluids within the fracture-cave structures.

Analysis and interpretation

The tracer characteristic curves were analyzed to extract crucial information about the connectivity and complexity of the fracture-cave network in the carbonate reservoir model. By interpreting the curves, researchers could identify preferential flow paths, dead-end fractures, and cave structures that act as storage or bypass channels for reservoir fluids. This information aids in understanding the dynamic behavior of the reservoir and its impact on hydrocarbon recovery.

Implications for reservoir management

The experimental research on tracer characteristic curves has significant implications for reservoir management and hydrocarbon production. The insights gained from the experiments can guide decision-making processes related to well placement, hydraulic fracturing design, and enhanced oil recovery (EOR) techniques. Understanding the connectivity and flow behavior of fracture-cave structures can lead to improved production strategies and optimized hydrocarbon recovery efficiency.

Validation with field data

To validate the experimental results, the tracer characteristic curves obtained from the laboratory experiments were compared with actual field data from carbonate oil and gas reservoirs. This validation process aimed to assess the accuracy and applicability of the experimental findings to real-world reservoir scenarios. The agreement between experimental and field data strengthens the reliability of the tracer approach for fracture-cave characterization.

Future research directions

While this experimental research provides valuable insights, it is essential to recognize certain limitations. The experiments were conducted on simplified models, and the actual reservoir conditions can be significantly more complex. Future research can focus on incorporating additional factors such as heterogeneity, anisotropy, and reservoir fluid properties into the experimental setup. Additionally, numerical simulations can be employed to complement the experimental findings and provide a more comprehensive understanding of fluid flow behavior in carbonate reservoirs.

Discussion

The experimental research on tracer characteristic curves for fracture-cave structures in a carbonate oil and gas reservoir has yielded valuable insights into the fluid flow behavior within these complex geological features. The findings have significant implications for reservoir management, hydrocarbon production, and understanding the connectivity of fractures and caves within carbonate reservoirs [6]. In this discussion, we will examine the key findings, their practical implications, and potential future research directions.

Understanding fracture-cave connectivity

The analysis of tracer characteristic curves provides crucial information about the connectivity of fractures and caves within the reservoir. Identifying preferential flow paths and dead-end fractures helps engineers and geologists to optimize well placement and enhance the understanding of fluid movement within the reservoir. This understanding is essential for efficient hydrocarbon recovery and reservoir management [7].

Enhanced reservoir characterization

Tracer experiments offer a valuable tool for enhancing reservoir characterization in carbonate formations. The insights gained from the experimental data can be used to improve reservoir models and simulations, leading to more accurate predictions of hydrocarbon production and recovery rates. Better reservoir characterization helps in mitigating uncertainties and making informed decisions in reservoir management [8].

Improved recovery strategies

The knowledge gained from tracer experiments aids in designing effective enhanced oil recovery (EOR) strategies. By identifying areas of low flow efficiency and locating key flow channels, engineers can optimize injection and production strategies to increase the overall hydrocarbon recovery from the reservoir [9].

Validating simulation models

The experimental data on fluid flow behaviour within fracturecave structures can be used to validate and refine numerical simulation models. Incorporating the experimental findings into reservoir simulation models helps in enhancing their accuracy and reliability, leading to better predictions of reservoir behavior and performance [10].

Challenges in real-world application

While the experimental research provides valuable insights into the behavior of fractures and caves, it is essential to recognize the challenges in applying these findings to real-world reservoirs. Carbonate reservoirs are often highly heterogeneous, anisotropic, and affected by various factors such as mineralogy and fluid properties. Future research can focus on expanding the complexity of the experimental models to better represent the actual reservoir conditions and overcome these challenges [11].

Integration with other characterization techniques

Tracer experiments can be effectively integrated with other reservoir characterization techniques, such as well logging, seismic imaging, and core analysis. Combining data from multiple sources provides a more comprehensive understanding of the reservoir and enhances the accuracy of the characterization process.

Environmental considerations

Tracer experiments typically involve the use of chemical compounds, and their potential environmental impact needs to be carefully considered. Researchers should ensure that the selected tracers are environmentally benign and non-reactive with reservoir fluids to avoid any adverse effects [12].

Up scaling to field-scale reservoirs

While the experimental research is conducted on a laboratory scale, future work can focus on upscaling the methodology to fieldscale reservoirs. This involves addressing the challenges of applying tracers in actual reservoirs, where the scale and complexity are much larger [13].

Conclusion

The experimental research on tracer characteristic curves for fracture-cave structures in carbonate oil and gas reservoirs has provided valuable insights into fluid flow behavior within these complex geological features. The findings have practical implications for reservoir management, hydrocarbon production strategies, and enhanced oil recovery techniques. By integrating tracer experiments with other reservoir characterization methods and validating simulation models, the industry can make more informed decisions and optimize hydrocarbon recovery from carbonate reservoirs. Future research in this area should focus on upscaling the methodology to field-scale reservoirs and addressing the challenges of real-world applications to further advance our understanding of these critical hydrocarbon resources.

Acknowledgement

None

Conflict of Interest

None

1. Rahman SA, Van TC, Hossain FM, Jafari M, Dowell A, et al. (2019) Fuel properties and emission characteristics of essential oil blends in a compression ignition engine. Fuel 238: 440-453.

Indexed at, Google Scholar

2. Zare A, Bodisco TA, Nabi MN, Hossain FM, Ristovski ZD, et al. (2017) Engine performance during transient and steady-state operation with oxygenated fuels. Energy Fuels 31: 7510-7522.

Indexed at, Google Scholar

3. Hossain FM, Nabi MN, Brown RJ (2019) Investigation of diesel engine performance and exhaust emissions of microalgae fuel components in a turbocharged diesel engine. Energy Convers Manag 186: 220-228.

Indexed at, Google Scholar, Crossref

4. Mitchell BJ, Zare A, Bodisco TA, Nabi MN, Hossain FM, et al. (2017) Engine blow-by with oxygenated fuels: a comparative study into cold and hot start operation. Energy 140: 612-624.

Indexed at, Google Scholar, Crossref

5. Hu B, Akehurst S, Brace C (2016) Novel approaches to improve the gas exchange process of downsized turbocharged spark-ignition engines: a review. Int J Engine Res 17: 595-618.

Indexed at, Google Scholar, Crossref

6. Li T, Gao Y, Wang J, Chen Z (2014) The Miller cycle effects on improvement of fuel economy in a highly boosted, high compression ratio, direct-injection gasoline engine: EIVC vs. LIVC. Energy Convers Manag 79: 59-65.

Indexed at, Google Scholar, Crossref

7. Inoue T, Inoue Y, Ishikawa M (2012) Abnormal combustion in a highly boosted SI engine - The Occurrence of Super Knock. SAE Techn Paper Ser 10.

Indexed at, Google Scholar

8. Feng D, Wei H, Pan M (2017) Comparative study on combined effects of cooled EGR with intake boosting and variable compression ratios on combustion and emissions improvement in a SI engine. Appl Therm Eng. 131: 192-200.

Indexed at, Google Scholar

9. Laredo GC, Vega Merino PM, Hernández PS (2018) Light cycle oil upgrading to high quality fuels and petrochemicals: a review. Ind Eng Chem Res 57: 7315-7321.

Indexed at, Google Scholar

10. Palos R, Gutiérrez A, Vela FJ, Olazar M, Arandes JM, et al. (2021) Bilbao Waste refinery: the valorization of waste plastics and end-of-life tires in refinery units A review. Energy Fuels 35: 3529-3557.

Indexed at, Google Scholar, Crossref

11. Alshammari JS, Gad FK, Elgibaly AAM, Khan AR (2008) Solid waste management in petroleum refineries. Am J Environ Sci 4: 353-361.

sIndexed at, Google Scholar, Crossref

12. Alonso-Fariñas B, Rodríguez-Galán M, Arenas C, Arroyo Torralvo F, Leiva C, et al. (2020) Sustainable management of spent fluid catalytic cracking catalyst from a circular economy approach. Waste Manage 110: 10-19.

Indexed at, Google Scholar, Crossref

13. Akcil A, Vegliò F, Ferella F, Okudan MD, Tuncuk A, et al. (2015) A review of metal recovery from spent petroleum catalysts and ash. Waste Manage 45: 420-433.

Indexed at, Google Scholar, Crossref