Global Journal of Nursing & Forensic Studies
Open Access

Forensic nursing; Historical development; Sexual Assault Nurse Examiner (SANE); Evidence collection; Legal testimony; Professional organizations

Introduction

Forensic nursing represents a specialized intersection of healthcare and the legal system, addressing the needs of individuals who have experienced violence, abuse, or trauma. This emerging field combines the principles of nursing with forensic science to offer comprehensive care to victims while also contributing to legal investigations and proceedings. As society’s understanding of violence and its impact on health has evolved, so too has the role of forensic nursing, which has grown from a nascent concept into a well-defined specialty [1].

The roots of forensic nursing can be traced back to the late 19th and early 20th centuries, when nurses began documenting injuries and providing care for victims of violence. The formal establishment of the field occurred in the 1970s and 1980s, driven by increasing recognition of the need for specialized care for survivors of sexual assault and domestic violence [2]. Pioneering programs, such as the Sexual Assault Nurse Examiner (SANE) program, marked a significant advancement by introducing structured training and certification for forensic nurses. The formation of professional organizations, including the International Association of Forensic Nurses (IAFN), further solidified forensic nursing’s role within both the healthcare and legal systems.

Today, forensic nurses are integral to the multidisciplinary approach to managing cases of violence and abuse. Their responsibilities extend beyond traditional nursing care to include evidence collection, detailed documentation, and providing expert testimony in court. Despite these advancements, forensic nursing faces ongoing challenges, such as managing the emotional toll of the work, navigating complex legal environments, and adapting to rapid technological changes [3].

Looking ahead, the field of forensic nursing stands at a pivotal juncture. Technological advancements offer new opportunities for evidence collection and case management, while interdisciplinary collaboration promises to enhance the effectiveness of forensic investigations [4]. Furthermore, a global perspective is increasingly important as forensic nursing practices continue to evolve in diverse cultural and legal contexts.

This article aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the evolution of forensic nursing, highlighting key historical milestones, current practices, and emerging trends. By examining these elements, we seek to offer insights into the future directions of the field and propose strategies for advancing forensic nursing practice and research.

Historical Perspectives

Early beginnings The roots of forensic nursing can be traced back to the late 19th and early 20th centuries, when nurses began to play a role in caring for victims of violence and collecting evidence [5]. Early pioneers such as Florence Nightingale advocated for the documentation of injuries and the importance of evidence in patient care.

Formalization of the field The formalization of forensic nursing began in the 1970s and 1980s, driven by the recognition of the need for specialized care for victims of sexual assault and domestic violence. The development of the Sexual Assault Nurse Examiner (SANE) program in the United States marked a significant milestone, providing structured training and certification for nurses in forensic evidence collection [6].

Growth and recognition In the 1990s and early 2000s, forensic nursing gained wider recognition as a distinct specialty. Professional organizations, such as the International Association of Forensic Nurses (IAFN), were established to support the field, provide certification, and advocate for policy changes. The integration of forensic nursing into broader healthcare and criminal justice systems further solidified its role.

Current Practices

Roles and responsibilities Forensic nurses perform a range of critical functions, including the assessment and documentation of injuries, collection and preservation of evidence, and provision of expert testimony in court [7]. They work in various settings, including hospitals, forensic units, and legal environments, and often collaborate with law enforcement and legal professionals.

Educational and training programs The growth of forensic nursing has led to the development of specialized educational programs and certifications. Nursing schools now offer advanced courses and degrees in forensic nursing, and continuing education opportunities are available for practicing professionals. These programs emphasize the importance of evidence-based practices and adherence to legal standards [8].

Challenges and opportunities Forensic nurses face numerous challenges, including managing emotional stress, navigating complex legal processes, and staying updated with evolving forensic technologies. Opportunities for advancement include increased interdisciplinary collaboration [9], improved technology integration, and expanded roles in preventative and community-based interventions.

Future Directions

Technological advancements The integration of advanced technologies, such as digital forensics and telemedicine, offers new opportunities for forensic nursing. Innovations in evidence collection, data analysis, and remote consultations can enhance the efficiency and accuracy of forensic investigations.

Interdisciplinary collaboration Strengthening partnerships between forensic nurses, law enforcement, legal professionals, and researchers can improve case management and victim support. Collaborative approaches can lead to more comprehensive care and more effective justice outcomes [10].

Global perspectives As forensic nursing continues to develop globally, there is a need to address diverse cultural and legal contexts. International collaboration and knowledge exchange can contribute to the growth of forensic nursing practices and the standardization of care across different regions.

Research and evidence-based practice Further research is needed to explore the effectiveness of forensic nursing interventions, the impact of training programs, and the development of best practices. Evidence-based research can drive improvements in clinical and legal outcomes and support the ongoing evolution of the field [11].

Conclusion

The evolution of forensic nursing reflects a dynamic and growing field that has adapted to meet the changing needs of victims of violence and abuse. From its origins in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, forensic nursing has transitioned from informal roles in injury documentation to a specialized practice with established training, certification, and professional standards. Significant milestones, such as the development of the Sexual Assault Nurse Examiner (SANE) program and the formation of organizations like the International Association of Forensic Nurses (IAFN), have been pivotal in shaping the field and affirming its critical role in both healthcare and the legal system.

Currently, forensic nurses are integral to the multidisciplinary approach to addressing violence and trauma, performing essential functions such as evidence collection, patient assessment, and legal testimony. However, they face ongoing challenges, including managing the emotional demands of their work, navigating complex legal frameworks, and keeping pace with rapid advancements in forensic technology.

Looking forward, forensic nursing is poised for continued growth and development. Advancements in technology offer promising opportunities for enhancing evidence collection and case management, while greater interdisciplinary collaboration can lead to more effective outcomes for victims and improved justice processes. Additionally, a global perspective is crucial as forensic nursing practices adapt to diverse cultural and legal contexts across the world.

To ensure the continued evolution and success of forensic nursing, ongoing research and evidence-based practice will be essential. This includes exploring the effectiveness of various interventions, evaluating training programs, and developing best practices that address emerging challenges. By embracing these future directions, forensic nursing can enhance its impact on both healthcare and the justice system, ultimately contributing to better outcomes for individuals affected by violence and abuse.

References

1. Bonne S, Tufariello A, Coles Z, Hohl B, Ostermann M, et al. (2020) Identifying participants for inclusion in hospital-based violence intervention: An analysis of 18 years of urban firearm recidivism. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 89: 68-73.

Indexed at, Google Scholar, Crossref

2. Nygaard RM, Marek AP, Daly SR, Van Camp JM (2018) Violent trauma recidivism: Does all violence escalate?. Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg 44: 851-858.

Indexed at, Google Scholar, Crossref

3. Bernardin ME, Spectorsky K, Gu H, Fairfax C, Cutler K (2023) Child Firearm Injury Circumstances and Associations With Violence Intervention Program Enrollment. J Surg Res 285: 67-75.

Indexed at, Google Scholar, Crossref

4. Fahimi J, Larimer E, Hamud-Ahmed W, Anderson E, Schnorr CD, et al. (2016) Long-term mortality of patients surviving firearm violence. Inj Prev 22: 129-34.

Indexed at, Google Scholar, Crossref

5. Branas CC, Han S, Wiebe DJ (2016) Alcohol Use and Firearm Violence. Epidemiol Rev 38: 32-45.

Indexed at, Google Scholar, Crossref

6. Kayton ML, Staab V, Stahl B, Tan K, Russo L, et al. (2023) Health Inequities in Pediatric Trauma. Children (Basel) 10: 343.

Indexed at, Google Scholar, Crossref

7. Usdin S, Scheepers E, Goldstein S, Japhet G (2005) “Achieving Social Change on Gender-Based Violence: A Report on the Impact Evaluation of Soul City’s Fourth Series.” Social Science and Medicine 61: 2434-45.

Indexed at, Google Scholar, Crossref

8. Webster DW, Whitehill JM, Vernick JS, Curriero FC (2012) “Effects of Baltimore’s Safe Streets Program on Gun Violence: A Replication of Chicago’s CeaseFire Program”. Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine 90: 27-40.

Indexed at, Google Scholar, Crossref

9. Stoltenborgh MA, Bakermans-Kranenburg MJ, Ijzendoorn MH van, Alink LR (2013) “Cultural-Geographical Differences in the Occurrence of Child Physical Abuse? A Meta-Analysis of Global Prevalence”. International Journal of Psychology 48: 81-94.

Indexed at, Google Scholar, Crossref

10. Tharp AT, Degue S, Valle LA, Brookmeyer KA, Massetti GM, et al. (2012) A Systematic Qualitative Review of Risk and Protective Factors for Sexual Violence Perpetration. Trauma Violence and Abuse 14: 133-67.

Indexed at, Google Scholar, Crossref

11. Thornberry TP, Knight KE, Lovegrove PJ (2012) Does Maltreatment Beget Maltreatment? A Systematic Review of the Intergenerational Literature. Trauma Violence and Abuse 13: 135-52.

Indexed at, Google Scholar, Crossref