Journal of Oncology Research and Treatment
Open Access

Gastric cancer (GC) continues to be the second most common malignant neoplasm around the world with varied regional incidences due to different factors [1] and in Kashmir among all the cancers GC has been reported to be a highly prevalent malignancy, constitutes about 30-40% of all malignancies [2]. Various studies have been done on incidence rate and distribution of gastrointestinal cancers in Kashmir [3], but there was no information regarding the mineral status of the GC patients till date. GC has remained a main clinical challenge due to its poor prognosis, limited treatment options, relatively resistance to chemotherapy/radiotherapy and late diagnosis of the disease. Several possible mechanisms have been proposed for the probable role of Selenium (Se), Copper (Cu), Zinc (Zn), and Iron (Fe) in GC etiology [4-6]. Since the beginning of the 1970s the minerals has received a lot of attention as per the variations of mineral concentration in serum has been related to increased risk for various types of cancer in humans [7-10]. She plays a vital role in cancer prevention and appears to have important structural and enzymatic roles such as antioxidant activity. It is well established that oxidative stress plays an important role in the carcinogenic process, as reactive oxygen species (ROS) which induce oxidative damage, DNA damage and protein damage. However, in the literature there are many controversial studies regarding the protective/ therapeutic role of Se in human cancer [11-13]. Fe and Cu can produce the reactive oxygen species which can attack DNA and cause DNA mutation, and can act as an element in the pathological process of cancer, as Fe may be a limiting nutrient to the growth and replication of cancer cells in the humans [14]. Cu can be concerned in the activation of several organic peroxide and making them more carcinogenic [15]. Zn plays an anti-carcinogenic role by stabilizing the structure of DNA, RNA and ribosome [16] also Zn is necessary to the functions of several transcriptional factors, proteins that recognize certain DNA sequences and control gene transcription [17]. Zn protects against free radical damage and may influence immune response [18,19]. The aim of the present study was to determine the real status of Se, Zn, Cu and Fein serum of GC patients against the serum of healthy individuals in Kashmir Valley India.

A collaborative study of stomach cancer was conducted, December 2013 to march 2015 jointly by the Division of Veterinary Biochemistry of FVSC and AH, SKUAST-K, Department of Biochemistry of GMC, Srinagar, and Department of Oncology, GMC, Srinagar. Two hundred patients (male 150 and female 50) diagnosed with gastric carcinoma admitted to Government Medical College, Srinagar were considered for the study. Venous blood samples were collected into plain vials from patients (200) and control group (100) and were transported to the laboratory on ice and centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 15 minutes and serum was stored at -4°C until the day of mineral estimation, by using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy AAS-ECIL. For statistical analysis, SPSS software was used and p-values less than 0.05 were regarded as statistically significant.

1. 4 ml of Diacid (3 ml nitric acid: 1 ml picric acid) were added to 1 ml of serum in volumetric flask of 100 ml volume).

2. The flask was then kept at room temperature for overnight.

3. Then on next day flask was put on a hot plat at simmering heat till the volume in the flask was reduced up to 0.5 ml.

4. Then final volume of flask was made up to 10 ml by diluting by distilled water.

5. These 10 ml were used for the examination of mineral estimation by using the Atomic absorption spectrophotometer.

All values of Se, Zn, Cu and Fe are expressed as means ± Se at each time interval. Th e level of significance was set at p<0.05 and data was analyzed by SPSS. Graph 1 represents the serum concentration of Se, Zn, Fe, and Cu among GC patients and controls and Graph 2 showing among GC ganders.

Graph 1: Se, Zn, Fe, and Cu among gastric and healthy individuals.

Graph 2: Se, Zn, Fe, and Cu among GC genders.

The mean serum Se levels were significantly p<0.05 different in GC patients (44.00 ± 6.3 μg/l)and in the control group of healthy individuals (69.70 ± 4.5 μg/l) and remained insignificant for the two genders (43 ± 6.3) in female and 42 ± 5.9 in male p>0.05. The mean serum Cu levels (p<0.05 different in GC patients (142.16 ± 18.72) and in the control group of healthy individuals (108.69 ± 16.47) and on correlation between serum concentration and gender the mean serum Cu levels were significantly p<0.05 different for the two genders, in female 147.66 ± 18.72 and in male136.79 ± 17.79. The mean serum Zn levels p<0.05 different in GC patients (61.20 ± 5.57) and in the control group of healthy individuals (70.17 ± 6.43) and on correlation between serum concentration and gender the mean serum Zn levels were insignificantly different for the two genders p>0.05, in female 62.28 ± 5.57 and in male 60.12 ± 6.01. The mean serum Fe levels were insignificantly (p>0.05) different in GC patients (78.05 ± 3.25) and in the control group of healthy individuals (81.01 ± 2.15) and on correlation between serum concentration and gender the mean serum Fe levels were also insignificantly p>0.05 different for the two genders, in female 83.06 ± 3.21 and in male79.04 ± 4.00.

In the past studies on minerals it was showed that there was an inhibitory effect of some minerals on the cell growth, DNA, RNA and protein synthesis in transformed cells, [12] in view of the above data we analyze the status of Se, Zn, Fe, and Cu in serum of gastric and healthy individuals. Results of our study showed that there was a significant decline in the concentration of Se in serum samples of GC patients on comparison with the healthy individuals and on comparison within the genders among GC patients the level of Se concentration remained insignificant which was in agreement with the findings of many coworkers [7,20,21]. The decline of Se may be due to over uptake of it by malignant cells and thus may be there was an increase in the concentration of Se in the tumor cells. In our study the concentration of Cu in serum samples of GC was increased significantly on comparison with the healthy individuals and on comparison within the genders among GC patients there was a significant decline in the concentration of Cu in male on comparison with the female group, which was in agreement with the findings of many coworkers in different cancers, bladder cancer [22], breast cancer [23], colorectal cancer [24], GC [25]. As Cu can be concerned in the activation of several organic peroxides [26,27] and can produce the hydroxyl radicals which cause mutation in DNA which may be one of the causes of cancer development, but we do not understand why there was a significant decline in Cu concentration in male as compared to female group patients. There was a significant decline in the concentration of Zn in serum samples of GC patients in our study on comparison with the healthy individuals and on comparison within the genders among GC patients the level of Zn concentration remained insignificant which was inconsistent with the most finding of the earlier studies which have reported higher serum Zn levels in the cases of cancer [28]. Zn plays an important role in stabilizing the structure of DNA, RNA and ribosome, it is also necessary for functioning of several transcription factors, proteins that recognize certain DNA sequences and control gene transcription and protects against free radical damage. So may be due to decline in the concentration of Zn in GC patients any of the above process get disturbed and may be acting as a causative agent for cancer. In our study there was found no significant difference in the levels of Fe in serum of GC patients as compared with the healthy individuals and on correlation within gender among GC the mean serum Fe levels were insignificantly different for the two genders, and are in contradict with the findings of Weinberg.

Minerals appear to have important structural and enzymatic roles in body, as there are some minerals having role in antioxidant activities like Se or some having role in stabilization of DNA, RNA, ribosome and protein structures like Fe and Cu or some producing oxygen reactive species like Zn. We detected in our study, there was a significant decline in the concentration of Se and Zn while high level of serum Cu in gastric cancer patients, as compared with normal healthy controls. This shows an association of serum selenium, zinc and copper with cancer gastric cancer. The increase or decrease of mineral concentration in serum of gastric cancer patients may be one of the factors which can lead to other biological processes to cause gastric cancer. If there is really happen so then there is need of such studies in future whey and which biological process is going under or overtakes of minerals during cancer development.

Authors would like to thank the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), RamalingaswamiBhawan Ansari Nagar, Post Box-4911, New Delhi-110029) for their support vide Research grant as senior research fellowship to the first author.

Authors declare that they have no conflict of interests.

All authors read and approved the final manuscript.