Journal of Community Medicine & Health Education
Open Access

Child mental health is one of public challenges related to the ability of a child to learn, behave or handle their emotions [1]. There is an association between mental health problems during childhood and psychiatric disorders through youth and adulthood [2]. In a recent study in 2017 involving 6,245 children aged 6 to 11 years old in Europe, it was found that more than one fifth of them have at least one mental disorder [3]. Prevalence of internalizing and externalizing mental disorders were 18.4% and 7.8% respectively [4]. The common child mental health disorders can be categorized as anxiety disorders, schizophrenia, mood disorders (primarily depression), and disruptive behavioral disorders [5]. They are not mutually exclusive and most often the children can have symptoms and problems that covers across the boundaries [5]. The causes to these issues are multifactorial ranging from individual to community attributes [3,6-7].

Mental health issues among children and adolescents in Malaysia showed an increasing trend from 13.0% in 1996 to 19.4% and 20.0% in 2006 and 2011 respectively [8]. According to the recent data published in the National Health and Morbidity Survey (NHMS) 2015 by Ministry of Health, the general prevalence of mental health issues among children was 12.1% [9]. The highest prevalence mental health problems among Malaysian children was due to peer problem (32.5%) followed by conduct problems (16.7%), emotional problems (15.7%), pro-social skill (11.2%) and hyperactivity (4.6%) [9]. This was based on the data collected among 5,182 children aged 5 to 15-year-old all over Malaysia.

Although these numbers seem alarming, it has to be noted that the national survey was only screening for mental health issues and not diagnosed children with mental health issues. Therefore, it may constitute a smaller proportion among the population with diagnosis were carried out together. Despite this, the prevalence of mental health problems among the children is still high and need risk reduction intervention.

Currently, there is a paucity of universal school-based mental health intervention programme in primary schools in Malaysia. The available programmes such as young doctor program called Doktor Muda [10] covers mental health superficially. It has been implemented since 1989 as school initiatives and later become an important co-curriculum school club in all primary school since year 2000 as a national health promotion strategy under collaboration of Ministry of Health and Ministry of Education Malaysia [10]. Mental health issues at primary schools are typically handled on an ad hoc basis by teachers. It has not yet one of the key modules under program Doktor muda.

Mental health problems detected during health screening by the visited school health team under the Ministry of Health will be referred to school counsellors; whose services has been established in primary schools since 1963 [11]. The school health program manages to identify and intervene mental health problems among students, but to a limited degree. This model for mental health issues intervention in primary school in Malaysia was deemed unpopular, lacked collaboration among various educational and health stakeholders, and had caused resources to not be utilized optimally [11].

The school teachers may play a part in preventing mental health issues among primary school students. A systematic review which covered 49 studies concluded that teachers hold an important role as team members with school mental health professionals like psychologists [12].

They may also serve as the sole providers to deliver school mental health interventions, which was the case in almost one fifth (18.4%) of the studies [12]. However, teachers’ roles should be limited to prevention and early identification of mental health problems rather than providers of therapeutic interventions to students already diagnosed with a mental health condition [13].

Despite, teachers may still have a role in identifying students with risks of mental health issues like anxiety and provide some measure of intervention. Collins et al. conducted and interventional study in Scotland where cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) was used to improve coping strategy and reduce anxiety among primary school students [14]. It was found that there was no significant difference between the teacher-led and psychologist-led groups (p<0.05) [14].

Other forms of intervention can also be incorporated by the teachers, for example to prevent the incidence of bullying and disorders of conduct. Some of the mental health intervention modalities include classroom-based drama, using media such as video re-enactments, and targeting peer-group behaviours to inculcate positive bystander behaviour which ultimately results in bystander intervention to mitigate individual bullying [15].

Since there is increment in the prevalence of the mental health issues among younger population and dissimilar of characteristic from adults or adolescents, a universal mental health interventional program that caters children in primary school are critical to allow early recognition of mental health issues on their own primarily as well as by their teachers or parents. The program is also needed to introduce simple coping skill and behavioural therapy in managing their own problems or symptoms. There might be a variety of intervention approaches toward the same child mental health issue, but the best method or approach to cater to this specific population in order to obtain the optimal outcome is still unknown, at least in the local context. Hence, the objective of this review is to identify universal mental health program done in addressing the common types of mental health disorders among general primary school children. It aimed to determine the effectiveness of the universal school-based mental health intervention programs that had been conducted for primary school children in improving their mental health status.

Universal school-based mental health in present study is defined as any intervention conducted at primary school focused on improving mental health status of the primary pupils in risk prevention. The intervention should generalised to mental health problems and not specifically focus on specific mental disease.

An electronic search of the following databases was done: PubMed, Scopus, Google scholar and grey literature (Library database of theses done in Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM)).

Each database was assigned to one research team member who was responsible to search according to the agreed search strategy and remove any duplicates identified. The search strategy, using PICO [16] as guideline used these specific keywords for PubMed (Figure 1).

Figure 1: Keywords used as search strategy in PubMed and other databases.

Scopus and Google scholar used the same keywords but adapted them depending on the search engine suitability.

These lists (grey literature) was retrieved from the university library webpage and screened manually as it does not have an electronic database. Eligibility criteria was set to articles published within past 5 years (2012-2017); written either in English or Malay language; original article using any study design except for systematic review and meta-analysis.

Selection

Before the selection, each reviewer was given a code as his/her identification. Reviewers were paired up based on experience in doing systematic review. Reviewer with less or no experience doing systematic review was paired with one who had had exposure either through conducting a systematic review, involved in conducting or had attended any systematic review workshop.

Selection of articles were conducted in two stages by a pair of reviewer for each stage. In the first stage, reviewers independently screened the list of titles and abstracts for inclusion following the eligibility criteria. Any potential studies identified will be coded as “Y for Yes”.

Any disagreement between the two reviewers were resolved by third reviewer. In the second stage, the full-text articles retrieved was screened independently by the same pair of reviewers.

Eligibility criteria and study objectives were strictly followed for inclusion of study. Reasons for exclusion were noted down in the online Excel sheet provided. Any disagreement was resolved through discussion with third author. The selection process of this review is as in the PRISMA flow diagram as described in (Figure 2).

Figure 2: PRISMA flow diagram for the review.

Data extraction

Data extraction was conducted by the reviewer. Data extracted include name of authors, title of the study and year the article published; methods which are study design, study location, study setting and withdrawals; participants characteristics which are the total number included (N), mean age or age range, ethnicity, gender, diagnostic criteria if applicable, inclusion and exclusion criteria; Interventions which are description of the intervention, comparison, duration as well as content of both intervention and control condition and outcome of the study that were description of primary and secondary outcomes specified and collected and at which time points reported. The extracted data were reviewed by the primary author and counter-checked for accuracy and completeness by comparing with the study reports. Any disagreements were resolved by consensus or by involving a third person.

The initial search yielded 109,242 articles in which 31 from PubMed; 210 from Scopus, 109,000 from Google Scholar and 1 from list of local theses done in UKM library. After the initial screening, 326 were accepted for title and abstract eligibility screening. From this, 26 advanced to full article screening, and 9 were accepted. The 9 studies were the basis for the descriptive aspect of this review.

Study characteristics

A total of 9 articles found and were assessed thoroughly of its effectiveness based on its intervention objectives of universal schoolbased mental health intervention program. Three (3) were randomized controlled trials; two (2) 2 × 2 bifactorial design, one (1) prospective intervention cohort, one (1) experimental design with waitlist control, one (1) quasi-experimental pre-post and one (1) non-equivalent group comparison with pre and post-test. The duration of interventions ranges from 6 weeks to 3 years with three studies not stating the duration of intervention done.

Study location and sample size

The articles included in present review originated mainly from European region (6), two were from America and one from Asia. The number of samples for the study ranges from 42 till 532 respondents.

Recruitment, withdrawal and quality of study

Most of the studies reported conveniently recruiting the school except for one study in Greece, where random selection was done throughout the sampling process. Of the 9 studies, only two stated there were no withdrawals, five studies had stated withdrawal and two do not mention regarding withdrawn respondents. The main reason for the withdrawal was due to the missing of data and respondent was not available during post-test.

Description of the intervention

Almost all interventions were grounded on cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) approach targeting in developing social and emotional competence. The ‘Up’ was a mental health promoting program targeted at the students, parents, school staff and health ambassador [17]. The study aimed in promoting mental health using whole school approach [18]. Two studies used mindfulness practice, aiming to regulate stress, giving effect on mental wellbeing and mental health. The intervention was named ‘Mindful Kids’ [19] and ‘Mind Up’ [20]. Another study in Korea used mind subtraction approach, which is a form of meditation which targeted in managing depression, social anxiety and aggression [21]. All interventions had skill development as building capacity in helping the respondents. There were two studies aiming for the school implementer [22,23] and six studies focused on the pupils’ skill development [14,19-21,24,25]. While there is a study [17] aiming at both the teacher as the implementer and pupils. The full description of the intervention is as in (Table 1).

Table 1: Summary of study interventions characteristics.

Intervention outcome

Seven studies adopted validated tools to measure their outcomes. One developed index and another one developed questionnaire. This can be referred in (Table 1). Multiple outcomes were used to measure different aspects of the study. Each measurement was very objectiveorientated. Some of the outcome measured were behavioral change such as anxiety score, skill change such as avoidance and problem solving skill as well as salivary cortisol level (as proxy measure for aggressiveness).

Association

The direction of association of the intervention whether they showed significant improvement (E) or Not Significant (NS) and outcome were matched to show number of study that proven having some effectiveness. The division is based on the common mental disorders among the children. The summary of the association found in the study is shown in (Table 2).

Table 2: Direction of the association of the intervention related to the outcome.

Discussion

This systematic review identified nine relevant studies for universal school-based child mental health interventions. Interventions for children with mental health illnesses were excluded from this systematic review. Most of the studies originated from Europe, more developed countries and targeted an overlap of many mental health illnesses among children. Mental health illnesses were diagnosed in one of five children in Europe [3]. In Sichuan Province of China in 2014, a study across children aged 6-16-year-old showed that 19.13% of children who have any DSM-IV psychiatric disorder [26]. In Malaysia, NJMS2015 showed 12.1% prevalence based on the screening tool used [9]. The higher burden of mental health illness among the children in developed countries might explain why more studies were concentrated there, together with better support for large-scale or interventional research.

The studies used in the data extraction for present study have different modalities in the intervention ranging from individual meditation and counseling, to class and peer social and communication improvement. The duration of intervention ranged from six weeks to three years. Within this time range, a few outcomes in eight of nine of the studies showed some impact following the interventions. Duration wise, there was no clear cut evidence on how long an intervention should be, however, a section in a book on school trials mentioned two studies that conducted long-term follow-up found that significant differences between the intervention were sustained up to 12 years post intervention [27,28]. The underpinning theories behind a successful behavioral studies were related to intensity of the message which looked at the impact of national versus community interventions for example banning of smoking inside a building causing people to smoke outside [27]. People are forced to change to a new oath when the old path is banned and externalities message where the intervention stresses the harm that will happen to others, not just themselves will promote in behavioral change as peer effects [25]. Furthermore, peer influence can be improved if the interventions were delivered before the students enter the middle school [27].

GRADE scoring was used to assess the quality of the studies [29]. The scoring ranges from low to moderate. Some studies did not mention any withdrawals of subjects in their reports. All except one had a degree of non-randomization in the design which will introduce selection bias. Furthermore, some had as low as 42 participants and used non-equivalent comparison group design which could introduce serious selection bias. Most used quasi-experimental design which similarly, would introduce selection bias to the study.

The present systematic review provides some understanding in designing a more acceptable design of a universal school-based mental health intervention by looking at a few aspects that are (1) theory or model in designing the intervention such as Investigation, Vision, Action, Change (IVAC) model used in designing the Up intervention; (2) the targeted population i.e. whether targeting at individual schoolchildren and class level or targeting up to the community or policy level as in the socio-ecological model. Most of the studies used certified trainer which would lead to sustainability problem; (3) modality used such as story-telling or mindfulness strategy; bearing in mind the type of mental illness in focused; (4) outcomes measurement that is meaningful; and (5) duration of intervention and length of monitoring and evaluation (as part of follow-up).

The present review has some limitations. Most published studies used in present review have suboptimal study designs, which may lead to bias results. Our study was restricted to articles published in English language and local literatures only including the theses done in UKM. Reviewers had different levels of experience in conducting systematic review which could influence the interpretation and judgment on the inclusion and exclusion of studies during review. In future, more local databases especially those using Malay language could be included to find a more culturally-sensitive intervention.

Almost all school-based mental health interventions in present review were proven to have positive impact on mental health among school children, on the socio-emotional learning aspects inclusive of the social competency skill and cognitive control. Approaching primary school pupils to implement school-based mental health interventions have a good potential in reducing mental health problems by improving behavioral change since very young age. Comprehensive intervention conducted by familiar person such as teacher, together with parent participation has proved given impact on child mental health.