Studies on Response of Varieties and Different Dates of Sowing on Productivity of Aerobic Rice

Ningaraju GK

doi:10.4172/2375-4338.1000142

ISSN: 2375-4338

Rice Research: Open Access

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Studies on Response of Varieties and Different Dates of Sowing on Productivity of Aerobic Rice

*Ningaraju GK^, Ramachandra N, Shivakumar M, Rajanna P and Krishnamurthy R**
College of Agriculture GKVK, UAS, Bangalore, India
Corresponding Author :	Ningaraju GK Ph. D. Scholar College of Agriculture GKVK UAS, Bangalore, India Tel: 9483337415 E-mail: rajuagron@gmail.com
Received: March 19, 2015 Accepted: July 03, 2015 Published: July 07, 2015
Citation:Ningaraju GK, Ramachandra N, Shivakumar M, Rajanna P, Krishnamurthy R (2015) Studies on Response of Varieties and Different Dates of Sowing on Productivity of Aerobic Rice. J Rice Res 3: 142. doi:10.4172/2375-4338.1000142
Copyright: ©2015 Ningaraju GK, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
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Abstract

A field experiment was conducted during rainy seasons of 2011, 2012 and 2013 at Zonal Agricultural Research Station, V. C. Farm, Mandya, Karnataka, to study the effect of varieties and their different dates of sowing on growth and yield of aerobic rice. Aerobic rice is a new method of growing rice characterized by direct seeding condition without standing water. The experiment was laid out in split plot design with three replications and treatment consisting of two dates of sowing (20th and 30th July) assigned in main plots and six varieties (MAS-26, MAS-946, BI-33, KMP-175, KRH-2 and KRH-4 early and medium duration varieties and hybrids) in sub-plots. The results revealed that aerobic rice sown between 20thand 30thof July resulted non-significant differences in all the three years of study. Among varieties/hybrids evaluated, KRH-4 rice hybrid recorded higher plant height (108.77 cm), more tillers/m2 (79.97 m2 ), lower weed dry weight (8.42 g), more panicle number (472 m-2), higher panicle weight (3.50 g), higher grain yield (6209 kg ha-1) and resulting in higher net returns and B:C ratio (Rs. 51516 ha-1 and 2.05 respectively) which was on par with KRH -2 and found significantly superior to other varieties/hybrids. The lower yield was recorded in MAS- 946-1 (5032 kg ha-1). The higher water productivity was recorded with KRH-4 (54.47 kg ha cm-1) and KRH-2 (53.25 kg ha cm-1) compared to MAS-26 (43.95 kg ha cm-1) and MAS 946-1 (43.71 kg ha cm-1).

Keywords

Aerobic rice; Date of sowing; Varieties; Hybrids; Water productivity; B:C ratio

Introduction

Rice is the most important and extensively grown staple food crop, accounting for 43% of the total food grain in the country. In Karnataka, rice is grown in an area of 12.78 lakh ha with the total production of 50.13 lakh tones and average productivity is 4126 kg ha^-1 (Anon., 2013). Water is one of the precious natural resource of the world. According to the United Nations Organizations (UNO), water crisis is the major threat for mankind in the 21^st century. From the total available water 75% used for rice cultivation. The rice production in India is strongly influenced by the amount and distribution of rainfall. Inadequate rainfall, lack of water harvesting measures and misuse of water for Agriculture have brought down the per capita availability of water by 40-60% in many Asian countries including India. The high requirement of water for rice cultivation is because rice is generally grown under lowland condition. In low land rice fields, seepage and percolation accounts for 50-80% of the total water outflow from the field [1] irrigated rice requires lot of water about 3000 to 5000 liters is used to produce one kg of grain [2]. Since rice is the most water consuming crop, alternative strategies that require less water and produce stabilized production needs immediate attention. Aerobic rice is a new development in water saving technology, where rice is grown like any other upland cereal crop with supplementing irrigation. It is a system of growing high yielding rice in non-puddle and non-flooded aerobic soil [3]. Developing high yielding drought resistant varieties and the optimum date of sowing with good management practices are an important role under limited water situation in aerobic rice production system. Information on suitable rice varieties/hybrids and dates of sowing under unpuddled condition are meager for southern dry zone of Karnataka. Keeping this in view, the present investigation was carried out to identify the promising cultivars and optimum date of sowing for enhancing higher productivity of aerobic rice.

Materials and Methods

Field experiments were conducted at Zonal Agricultural Research Station, V.C. Farm, Mandya, Karnataka, during rainy season of 2011, 2012 and 2013. The soil of the experimental field was red sandy loam in texture, acidic in reaction (pH: 6.74), EC (0.408 dSm^-1), medium in available nitrogen (245 kg ha^-1), phosphorus (30 kg ha^-1), available potassium (170 kg ha^-1) and organic carbon content (0.57%). The treatment comprised of twelve treatment combinations, dates of sowing (D₁: 20^th July and D₂: 30^th July) assigned in main plots and varieties (V₁: MAS-26, V₂: MAS-946, V₃: BI-33, V₄: KMP^-175, V₅: KRH-2 and V₆: KRH-4, early and medium duration varieties and hybrids were in subplots. The experiment was laid out in split plot design tested with three replications. High yielding early, medium duration rice varieties and hybrids seeds were dibbled in a well prepared leveled soil with 25 cm × 25 cm, thinning and gap filling operations were done at 15 days after sowing and maintained optimum plant population. Pre-emergence herbicide Bensulfuron methyl (0.6%)+pretilachlor (6.6 G) was applied @10^-1 at 3 DAS using Knapsack sprayer with a spray volume of 500 lt ha- 1. Hand weeding with hoe and mechanical weeding with cycle weeder were also carried out to manage weeds. The recommended fertilizers dose of 100 kg N, 50 kg P₂O5 and 50 kg K₂O ha^-1 was applied in the form of urea, single super phosphate and muriate of potash. At the time of sowing 50% N, K and full dose of P was applied and remaining 50 per cent N was supplemented as top dressing at 30 and 60 DAS and 50 per cent K was applied at panicle initiation stage. Irrigation was provided immediately after sowing to hasten the germination and establishment. Subsequent irrigations were given to maintain moist condition. The observations on growth parameter, yield and yield attributes were recorded and statistically analyzed at 5 per cent level of significance. The cost of cultivation, net returns and B: C ratios were worked out based on the prevailing local market price.

Results and Discussions

Effect of dates of sowing

The pooled data (3 years) on dates of sowing resulted non-significant differences among the dates of sowing with respect to growth and yield parameters of aerobic rice. However, the higher grain yield (5484 kg ha^-1), panicle number (453/m²), panicle weight (3.17 g), plant height (101.50 cm), more number of tillers/m² (78.83/m²), lower weed dry weight (10.06 g) and days to 50 per cent flowering and maturity (90 and 136 days respectively), and higher grain yield was recorded in aerobic rice sown on 20^th July as compared to 30^th July.

Response of varieties/hybrids

The rice variety/hybrid had considerable variation in growth, yield performance and water productivity under aerobic situation. Experimental results revealed that among rice varieties/hybrid, KRH-4 recorded significantly higher plant height (108.77 cm), more number of tillers (79.97/m²) , lower weed number (8/m²), less weed dry weight (8.42g), more number of days to 50 per cent flowering and maturity (92 and 138 days, respectively) , more panicle number/m² (472/m²), higher panicle weight (3.50g) and intern produced higher grain yield (6168 kg ha^-1) which was on par with KRH-2 (5981 kg ha^-1) and found significantly superior to other varieties/hybrids in the study. This higher grain yield was might be due to synchronization of tillers which helps in early emergence of panicles, more growth and yield components [4] (Tables 1-3).

Water productivity

The rice varieties/hybrids under the study showed variation in water productivity in all the three seasons. The rice hybrid KRH-4 and KRH-2 were recorded higher water productivity (54.47 kg ha cm^-1 and 53.25 kg ha cm^-1 respectively) and found superior than other varieties. The lower water productivity was observed with variety MAS 946^-1 (43.71 kg ha cm^-1). The higher water productivity might be due to lower water used and higher grain yield produced by hybrids [5,6].

Profitability of aerobic rice

The economic analysis of aerobic rice differed significantly due o varieties and different dates of sowing .The higher gross returns, net returns and benefit cost ratio were achieved from KRH-4 rice hybrid (Rs. 76,625 ha^-1, Rs. 51,516 ha^-1, 2.05 respectively) followed by KRH-2 (Rs. 73,688 ha^-1, Rs. 48,579 ha^-1, 1.93 respectively) and found significantly superior over other varieties in the trial This might be due to more growth, yield components, lower weed infestation and higher grain yield potential of that hybrid. The lower gross, net returns and B: C ratios were observed with MAS-26 varieties under aerobic rice (Rs. 59,528 ha^-1, Rs. 35,254 SS, 1.46, respectively). The higher net returns with hybrids might be due to higher grain yield produced. The lower returns may be due to low grain yield produced by varieties (Tables 4 and 5)

Summary

From the study, it may be concluded that rice hybrid KRH – 4 and KRH - 2 sown on 20^th July was optimum for obtaining higher grain yield under un-puddled condition performing better than varieties grown under aerobic situation.