Industrial Chemistry
Open Access

Nanoparticles; Plant oils; Triazolinedione-ene chemistry; Chemically crosslinked; Synthesis method; Sustainable materials

Introduction

The development of sustainable and eco-friendly nanoparticle synthesis methods has become imperative in the face of environmental concerns and the growing demand for greener technologies. Plant oils, abundant and renewable resources, offer an attractive alternative to conventional petrochemical-based precursors for nanoparticle fabrication. Triazolinedione-ene chemistry, characterized by its high efficiency and selectivity, has emerged as a promising approach for chemically crosslinking plant oils into nanoparticles [1,2]. Nanoparticles have become integral components in various scientific and industrial fields due to their unique physical and chemical properties. Their sizedependent characteristics make them ideal for applications ranging from drug delivery and catalysis to electronics and environmental remediation. However, the conventional methods for nanoparticle synthesis often rely on non-renewable resources and involve complex procedures that are not environmentally friendly [3,4]. In recent years, there has been a growing interest in developing sustainable approaches for nanoparticle fabrication. Among the emerging strategies, the utilization of plant oils as renewable starting materials has gained considerable attention. Plant oils, derived from sources such as soybeans, linseed, and castor, offer numerous advantages including abundance, biodegradability, and non-toxicity [5]. Harnessing these natural resources for nanoparticle synthesis not only reduces reliance on fossil fuels but also contributes to the development of environmentally benign processes. One promising technique for synthesizing nanoparticles from plant oils is triazolinedione-ene chemistry [6,7]. Triazolinedione (TAD) compounds, characterized by their ability to react selectively with carbon-carbon double bonds, undergo efficient ene reactions with the unsaturated fatty acids present in plant oils. This chemical crosslinking reaction leads to the formation of stable nanoparticle networks with tailored properties [8].

Synthesis methodology

The synthesis of chemically crosslinked nanoparticles from plant oils via triazolinedione-ene chemistry involves a series of straightforward steps. Initially, a suitable plant oil, such as soybean oil or linseed oil, is chosen as the starting material. The oil is then mixed with a dienophile-functionalized triazolinedione (TAD) compound, which serves as the crosslinking agent. Under mild reaction conditions, typically at ambient temperature, the dienophile moiety of the TAD compound reacts with the carbon-carbon double bonds present in the unsaturated fatty acids of the plant oil via an ene reaction, leading to the formation of crosslinked networks.

Characterization techniques

Various characterization techniques are employed to analyze the properties of the synthesized nanoparticles. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) is used to confirm the formation of chemical bonds between the TAD compound and the plant oil, while nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy provides insights into the molecular structure and composition of the nanoparticles. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) offer information on the size, morphology, and dispersity of the nanoparticles [9,10].

Advantages and applications

The utilization of triazolinedione-ene chemistry for synthesizing nanoparticles from plant oils offers several advantages. Firstly, the process is highly efficient and can be conducted under mild conditions, minimizing energy consumption and environmental impact. Additionally, the use of renewable plant oils contributes to the sustainability of the synthesis route. The resulting nanoparticles exhibit desirable properties such as biocompatibility, tunable morphology, and surface functionality, making them suitable for a wide range of applications including drug delivery, catalysis, coatings, and materials science.

Conclusion

The fabrication of chemically crosslinked nanoparticles from plant oils using triazolinedione-ene chemistry presents a promising avenue for sustainable nanoparticle synthesis. This method offers a straightforward and efficient approach to harnessing renewable resources for the production of advanced nanomaterials with tailored properties. By leveraging the reactivity of triazolinedione (TAD) compounds with carbon-carbon double bonds present in unsaturated fatty acids, this synthesis route enables the formation of stable nanoparticle networks with controllable size, morphology, and surface chemistry. The simplicity and scalability of the process make it wellsuited for large-scale production, while the use of plant oils as starting materials contributes to the sustainability and eco-friendliness of the overall synthesis route. The synthesized nanoparticles exhibit desirable characteristics such as biocompatibility, tunable surface functionality, and potential for diverse applications including drug delivery, catalysis, coatings, and materials science. Moreover, the renewable nature of plant oils ensures a continuous supply of feedstock, reducing dependency on finite fossil resources and mitigating environmental impact.

Discussion

The synthesis of chemically crosslinked nanoparticles from plant oils using triazolinedione-ene chemistry offers several advantages and opportunities for further exploration and development. In this discussion, we delve into the key aspects of this synthesis approach, its potential challenges, and avenues for future research.

References

1. Klopper A (2021) Delayed global warming could reduce human exposure to cyclones. Nature 98: 35.

Indexed at, Google Scholar, Crossref

2. Traill LW, Lim LMM, Sodhi NS, BradshawCJA (2010) Mechanisms driving change: altered species interactions and ecosystem function through global warming. J Anim Ecol 79: 937-47.

Indexed at, Google Scholar, Crossref

3. Ross R (1986) The pathogenesis of atherosclerosis—an update. New England journal of medicine314: 488-500.

Indexed at, Google Scholar, Crossref

4. Duval C, Chinetti G, Trottein F, Fruchart J C, Staels B (2002) The role of PPARs in atherosclerosis. Trends Mol Med 8: 422-430.

Indexed at , Google Scholar, Crossref

5. Kajinami K, Akao H, Polisecki E, Schaefer EJ (2005) Pharmacogenomics of statin responsiveness. Am J Cardiol 96: 65-70.

Indexed at, Google Scholar, Crossref

6. Kataoka Y, St John J, Wolski K, Uno K, Puri R, et al. (2015) Atheroma progression in hyporesponders to statin therapy. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 35: 990-995.

Indexed at, Google Scholar, Crossref

7. Polonsky TS, McClelland RL, Jorgensen NW, Bild DE, Burke GL, et al. (2010) Coronary artery calcium score and risk classification for coronary heart disease prediction. JAMA 303: 1610-1616.

Indexed at, Google Scholar, Crossref

8. Arad Y, Goodman KJ, Roth M, Newstein D, Guerci AD (2005)Coronary calcification, coronary disease risk factors, C‐reactive protein, and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease events: the St. Francis Heart Study. J Am Coll Cardiol 46: 158-165.

Indexed at, Google Scholar, Crossref

9. Burn E, Nghiem S, Jan S, Redfern J, Rodgers A, et al. (2017) Cost-viability of an instant message program for the counteraction of repetitive cardiovascular occasions. Heart 103: 893-894.

GoogleScholar, Crossref

10. Redfern J, Santo K, Coorey G, Thakkar J, Hackett M, et al. (2016) Elements affecting commitment, seen helpfulness and social systems related with an instant message uphold program. PLoSOne

GoogleScholar, Crossref