Advances in Crop Science and Technology
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Greengram; Growth; Yield; Panchagavya; Jeevamrutha; Neem Oil; Beejamrutha

Introduction

Green gram (Vigna radiata (L.) also known as mungbean is a self pollinated leguminous crop which is grown during kharif (July- October) as well as summer (March- June) seasons in arid and semi arid regions of India. It is primarily a rainy season crop but with the development of early maturing varieties, it has also proved to be an ideal crop for spring and summer season. It is tolerant to drought and can be grown successfully on drained loamy to sandy loam soil in areas of erratic rainfall. It is a native of Central Asia. It is a short duration crop, fits well in various multiple and intercropping systems. After picking of pods, mungbean plants may be used as green fodder or green manure. Besides these, the crop also enriches soil by fixing atmospheric nitrogen. Green gram is an excellent source of protein (24.5%) with high quality of lysine (460 mg/g N) and tryptophan (60 mg/g N). It contains also remarkable quantity of ascorbic acid and riboflavin (0.21 mg /100 g). Pulses are also known as ‘’the meat of the poor’’ as they are the most economical source of protein [1] Likewise, to improve protein malnutrition, per capita consumption of pulse should be 50 g/day in addition to other sources of protein such as cereals, milk, meat and eggs [2] It is also resistant to adverse climatic condition and recovers the soil fertility by fixing atmospheric nitrogen in the soil [3].

Pre-sowing seed treatment techniques has been used as an alternate approach to overcome the effects of abiotic stresses in agricultural production because of its low cost and risk [4]. The primed/hardened treatments proved to be better for vigor improvement than traditional soaking [5]. Subsequently, Greengram crop plants will produce more yield by treating the seeds with organics like Panchagavya, Beejamrutha, Jeevamrtha etc (Tables 1). Increased availability of nutrients from organic sources would lead to a translocation of more photosynthesis from source to sink, which ultimately improve the growth, yield and yield-attributing characteristics of Greengram. Considering the above facts, the present study was therefore undertaken to determine the effect of Pre-sowing seed treatments of Panchagavya, Beejamrutha, Jeevamrutha and Neemoil on plant growth, yield and yield attributing traits of Greengram (Vigna radiata L.) var.PDM-139 Samrat.

Table 1: Treatment details.

Material and Methods

A field experiment was conducted during Kharif season (2021- 22) at Central Research Farm, Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Naini Agricultural Institute, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology & Sciences, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh. It is in South-East part of UP and with both the extremes in temperature i.e., the summer and the winter. The region has a sub-tropical climate and is situated 78 meteres above the sea level.The soil of experimental plot was sandy loam in texture, with moderate water holding capacity having (pH 7.0 to 8.0), available N (125 kg/ha), available P (75 kg/ha) and available K (62.5 kg/ha). The present experiment was laid out in Randomised Block Design with 3 replications involving 13 treatment combinations consisting of control (Tables 2).

Table 2: Pre-sowing seed treatment of Panchagavya, Jeevamruth, Bheejamruth, Neem oil and Fermented buttermilk on growth attributes of greengram.

The experimental material consist of PDM-139 Samrat variety of Greengram seeds with pre sowing seed treatments comprising three doses of (T1,T2,T3 Panchagavya - @ 3% 5% and 7%), (T4,T5,T6 Beejamrutha @ 1%, 3% and 5%), (T7,T8,T9 Neem oil @1% 3% and 5%) and (T10,T11 and T12 Jeevamrutha 3%, 5% and 7%) as pre sowing seed treatments for Greengram (Vigna radiata L.)var.PDM-139 Samrat. These treatments was prepared from their respective ingredients shown below.

Preparation of Panchagavya

It was prepared from five cow products namely cow milk (5L), cow ghee (2L),curd (2Kg), cow urine (5L), cow dung (5Kg) these ingredients were mixed together along with 15 kilograms of jaggery in a circular container.The mixture was added with 15 liters of water and kept search for 30 days. Fermentation took place by making the mixture to a fine concentrate giving out the sweet order the fermented liquid was filtered through cotton and the final volume of filtrate was made 1000ml. The solution was stored in refrigerator and 7% (7ml in 100ml of water) solution was used for treatments. Vallimayil and Sekar (2012) reported to Panchagavya is an organic product blended from five different cowproducts, commonly applied to crop plants in organic farming. It is used as foliar spray, soil application and seed treatment.

Preparation of Beejamrutha

It was prepared using cow dung cow urine water and lime. Cow dung 5 kilograms tied in a cloth was dipped in a bucket containing 50 liters of water overnight. To the resultant liquid 5 liters of cow urine, a handful of soil and 50 grams of calcium chloride was added to make the final product. Collect seeds to be treated in a cotton cloth. Stir the solution once again clockwise before using for seed treatment. Dip the bundle of seeds in Beejamrutha solution and place there up to it gets completely soaked in solution. After that remove the bundle of seeds and dry in shady area avoid direct sunlight and rainfall over it (Tables 3).

Table 3: Pre-sowing seed treatment of Panchagavya, Jeevamruth, Bheejamruth, Neem oil and Fermented buttermilk on yield and yield attributes of greengram.

Preparation of Jeevamrutha

It was prepared by mixing 10 kilograms of cow dung 10 litre of cow urine 2 kilograms of local jaggery 2 kilograms of pigeonpea floor and handful of soil collected from farm. All these were put in 200 litre capacity plastic drum and mix thoroughly and volume was made up to 200 liters. The mixture was stirred well in clockwise direction and kept in shade covered with wet jute bag. The solution was regularly stirrred clockwise in the morning in the afternoon and in the evening continuously for 10 days and it was used for soil application. The resultant solution was applied when the soil was wet near the root zone of the crop as per the treatment [6].

Preparation of Neem oil

The oil can be obtained through pressing or crushing of the seed kernel both through cold pressing and through a process incorporating temperature controls 40 degrees to 45 degrees Celsius. Neem seed oil can be obtained by solvent extraction of the name seed fruit oil cake or kernel.

After this Greengram seeds were be soaked in required solution for 8 hours. Untreated seeds are called as control. After 8 to 12 hours of soaking the solution was drained out from the beaker and pre-soaked was air dried to original weight and then the greengram seeds were sown on 16th July 2021 at 30 cm row to row spacing and 10 cm plant to plant spacing. The all other agronomic practices were adopted as per need of the crop.

Results and Discussion

Growth attributes

Rate of field emergence shows highest in the Treatment 12 (24.33) with seeds that are treated with jeevamrutha @ 7% and lowest numbers are recorded in control (14.66). The treatment with statistically at par is T2 treated with Panchagavya @ 5% (21.54).

Plant Height shows highest in the Treatment 12 (50.90) with seeds that are treated with jeevamrutha @ 7% and lowest numbers are recorded in control (40.63). The treatment with statistically at par is T2 treated with panchagavya @ 5% (48.36). [7] also observed higher plant height (191.78 cm), green cob yield (16.15 t ha-1) and fodder yield (20.07 t ha-1) of sweet corn with the application of jeevamrutha @ 600 L ha-1 three times through irrigation water.

Days to 50% Flowering shows least days in the Treatment 12 (32.33) with seeds that are treated with jeevamrutha @ 7% and highest numbers are recorded in control (40.33). The treatment with statistically at par is T2 treated with panvhagavya @ 5% (32.33) [8].

Number of Primary branches shows highest in the Treatment 12 (8.73) with seeds that are treated with jeevamrutha @ 7% and lowest numbers are recorded in control (4.16). The treatment with statistically at par is T2 treated with panchagavya @ 5% (8.16).

Days to Maturity shows least days in the Treatment 12 (45.33) with seeds that are treated with jeevamrutha @ 7% and highest numbers are recorded in control (55.33). The treatment with statistically at par is T2 treated with panchagavya @ 5% (46.66).

Yield attributes

Number of pods per plant shows highest in the Treatment 12 (19.53) with seeds that are treated with jeevamrutha@ 7% and lowest numbers are recorded in control (9.33). The treatment with statistically at par is T2 treated with pachagavya@ 5% (17.80) [9].

Number of seeds per pod shows highest in the Treatment 12 (9.73) with seeds that are treated with jeevamrutha @ 7% and lowest numbers are recorded in control (3.86). The treatment with statistically at par is T2 treated with panchagavya @ 5% (7.80).

Seed yield per plant (g) shows highest in the Treatment 12 (4.10) with seeds that are treated with jeevamrutha @ 7% and lowest numbers are recorded in control (2.96). The treatment with statistically at par is T11 treated with panchagavya @ 5% (3.83).

Seed yield per plot (g/m2) shows highest in the Treatment 12 (70.40) with seeds that are treated with jeevamrutha@ 7% and lowest numbers are recorded in control (51.03). The treatment with statistically at par is T3 treated with panchagavya@ 5% (68.20). [10] revealed that application of panchagavya along with jeevamrtha+mulching +IFS compost + vermicompost gave higher plant height (183.11 cm), leaf area, biological yield and total number of tillers at harvest (2.73), grain yield (1842kg/ha) and harvest index (0.21) in Foxtail [11].

Seed yield per hectare (kg/ha) shows highest in the Treatment 12 (823.3) with seeds that are treated with jeevamrutha @ 7% and lowest numbers are recorded in control (600). The treatment with statistically at par is T2 treated with panchagavya @ 5% (776.6).

Biological yield shows highest in the Treatment 12 (2541kg/ha) with seeds that are treated with jeevamrutha @ 7% and lowest numbers are recorded in control (2194kg/ha). The treatment with statistically at par is T2 treated with panchagavya @ 5% (2416kg/ha).

Harvest Index shows highest in the Treatment 12 (32) with seeds that are treated with jeevamrutha @ 7% and lowest numbers are recorded in control (26.66). The treatment with statistically at par is 2 treated with panchagavya @ 5% (31.66) [12].

Conclusion

It is concluded that the Greengram seeds treated with Jeevamrutha @ 7% was found to be more desirable for producing significantly higher seed yield per plant (4.10 g), seed yield per plot (82.33 g). Findings are based on research done in one season in Prayagraj (Allahabad) U.P. further trails may be required for considering it for the recommendation.

Aknowledgement

The work was supported by my Advisor Dr. Prashant Kumar Rai and all faculty members, Seed Science and Technology,Department of Genetics and Plant breeding, Naini Agricultural Institute, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology And Sciences, Prayagraj, (U.P.) India for providing field and assistance in conducting the research trail.

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