Journal of Marine Science: Research & Development
Open Access

Halophila stipulacea; Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors; Bioactive peptides; In silico analysis

Introduction

There are concerning sixty species of absolutely marine sea grasses that belong to four families (Posidoniaceae, eelgrass family, family Hydrocharitaceae and Cymodoceaceae), bushed the order Alismatales (in the biological group of monocotyledons). Sea grasses evolved from terrestrial plants that recolonized the ocean seventy to one hundred million years past. The name seaweed stems from the various species with long and slim leaves that grow by rootstalk extension and infrequently unfold across massive “meadows” resembling grassland; several species superficially agree terrestrial grasses of the monocot family. Like all plant life plants, sea grasses photosynthesize, within the submerged actinic ray zone, and most occur in shallow and protected coastal waters anchored in sand or mud bottoms. Most species endure submarine fertilisation and complete their life cycle underwater.

Discussion

Whereas it had been antecedent believed this fertilisation was allotted while not pollinators and strictly by ocean current drift, this has been shown to be false for a minimum of one species, Thalassia testudinum that carries out a mixed biotic-abiotic strategy. Crustaceans (such as crabs, family Majidae zoae, Thalassinidea zeal) and slid segmented worm larvae have each been found with spore grains, the plant manufacturing nutrient mucinous clumps of spore to draw in and follow them rather than nectar as terrestrial flowers do. Sea grasses kind dense underwater seaweed meadows that are among the foremost productive ecosystems within the world. They perform as vital carbon sinks and supply habitats and food for a diversity of marine life reminiscent of that of coral reefs. Sea grasses are a paraphyletic cluster of marine angiosperms that evolved in parallel 3 to fourfold from land plants back to the ocean. The subsequent characteristics are often wont to outline a seaweed species. It lives in associate degree water or within the marine surroundings, and obscurity else. The fertilisation takes place underwater with specialised spore. The seeds that are spread by each organic phenomenon and abiotic agents are created underwater. The seaweed species have specialised leaves with a reduced cuticle, associate degree stratum that lacks stomata and is that the main chemical change tissue. The rootstalk or underground stem is vital in anchoring. The roots will board associate degree hypoxia surroundings and depend upon gas transport from the leaves and rhizomes however are vital within the nutrient transfer processes. Sea grasses deeply influence the physical, chemical, and biological environments of coastal waters. Although sea grasses give priceless scheme services by acting as breeding and nursery ground for a spread of organisms and promote business fisheries, several aspects of their physiology aren’t well investigated. Many studies have indicated that seaweed home ground is declining worldwide. 10 seaweed species are at elevated risk of extinction (14% of all seaweed species) with 3 species qualifying as vulnerable. Seaweed loss and degradation of seaweed diverseness can have serious repercussions for marine diverseness and also the human population that depends upon the resources and scheme services that sea grasses give. Sea grasses kind vital coastal ecosystems. The worldwide endangering of those ocean meadows, which offer food and home ground for several marine species, prompts the requirement for cover and understanding of those valuable resources. Order data has shown additional that adaption to the marine home ground was accomplished by radical changes in cytomembrane composition. But the cell walls of sea grasses aren’t well understood. Additionally to the ancestral traits of land plants one would expect habitat-driven adaption method to the new surroundings characterised by multiple abiotic (high amounts of salt) and organic phenomenon (different seaweed grazers and microorganism colonization) stressors. The cell walls of sea grasses appear tangled combos of options familiar from each flowering plant land plants and marine macroalgae with new structural parts. Sea grasses are found in shallow salty and briny waters in several elements of the globe, from the tropics to the polar circle. Sea grasses are sonamed as a result of most species has long inexperienced, grass-like leaves. They’re usually confused with seaweeds; however are literally additional closely associated with the flowering plants that you just see onto land. Sea grasses have roots, stems and leaves, and manufacture flowers and seeds. They evolved around one hundred million years past, and these days there are just about seventy two totally different seaweed species that belong to four major teams. Sea grasses will kind dense underwater meadows, a number of that is massive enough to be seen from area. Though they usually receive very little attention, they’re one in all the foremost productive ecosystems within the world. Sea grasses give shelter associate degree food to an unbelievably various community of animals, from small invertebrates to massive fish, crabs, turtles, marine mammals and birds. Sea grasses give several vital services to folks moreover, however several sea grasses meadows are lost thanks to human activities. Work is in progress round the world to revive these vital ecosystems. Even supposing sea grasses and seaweeds look superficially similar, they’re terribly totally different organisms. Sea grasses belong to a bunch of plants known as monocotyledons that embrace grasses, lilies and palms. Like their relatives, sea grasses have leaves, roots and veins, and manufacture flowers and seeds [1-8].

Chloroplasts in their tissues use the sun’s energy to convert greenhouse gas and water into sugar and gas for growth through the method of chemical action. Veins transport nutrients and water throughout the plant, and have very little air pockets known as lacunae that facilitate keep the leaves buoyant and exchange gas and greenhouse gas throughout the plant. Like different flowering plants, their roots will absorb nutrients. Not like flowering plants onto land, however, they lack stomata—the small pores on leaves that open and shut to regulate water and gas exchange. Instead, they need a skinny cuticle layer that permits gasses and nutrients to diffuse directly into and out of the leaves from the water. The roots and rhizomes (thicker horizontal stems) of sea grasses extend into the sediment of the seafloor and are won’t to store and absorb nutrients, moreover as anchor the plants. In distinction, seaweeds (algae) are abundant easier organisms. They need no flowers or veins, and their holdfasts merely attach to very cheap and are typically not specialised to require in nutrients. Sea grasses are underwater plants that evolved from land plants. They’re like terrestrial plants therein they need leaves, flowers, seeds, roots, and connective tissues, and that they create their food through chemical action. Not like terrestrial plants, however, they are doing not have robust stems to carry themselves up—instead they’re supported by the buoyancy of the water that surrounds them. Sea grasses are an awfully vital food supply and home ground for life, supporting a various community of organisms as well as fish, octopuses, ocean turtles, shrimp, blue crabs, oysters, sponges, ocean urchins, anemones, clams, and squid. Sea grasses are known as “the lungs of the sea” as a result of the unleash gas into the water through the method of chemical action. Sea grasses will reproduce sexually or asexually. They’re flowering plants that manufacture seeds. Spore is carried through the water to fertilize feminine flowers. Sea grasses may also transport rootstalk roots which will sprout new growth, thus one plant is capable of manufacturing a complete underwater hayfield [9-12]

The grasses facilitate reduce the results of robust currents, and additionally give concealment and an area for eggs and larvae to connect. These factors create sea grasses an honest nursery space for several fish and invertebrates, as well as commercially vital fish species. Their leaves and stems additionally give food for herbivores like ocean turtles and manatees. Plankton, algae, and bacterium grow on seaweed stems, providing food for added organisms. Dead Sea grasses give food for decomposers like worms, ocean cucumbers, crabs, and filter feeders. Sea grasses improve water quality by stable gear sediments, interesting nutrients, and stabilising sediment with their roots. Sea grasses are terribly sensitive to water quality associate degree is an indicator of the health of coastal ecosystems. Since they manufacture energy through chemical action they are doing best wherever the water is obvious enough to permit daylight to penetrate. Pollution, deposit, excessive nutrients, storms, disease, and overgrazing by herbivores all cause threats to ocean grasses. Ocean grass is exclusive among flowering plants; therein almost one genus will live entirely immersed in H2O. Inhauls plants are the exception, as they need to emerge to the surface to reproduce; all others will flower and be pollinated beneath water. Adaptation to marine surroundings imposes major constraints on morphology and structure. The restriction of sea grasses to H2O has clearly influenced their geographic distribution and phylogeny. In nearly all the seas round the world, within the shallow waters next to the land, are secret underwater gardens. These gardens are home to a special marine (saltwater) plant known as seaweed. Once seaweed grows in massive areas, the home ground it creates is named a seaweed hayfield. Seaweed meadows play a vital role keep our oceans healthy and providing a home for every kind of marine life [13-15.]

Conclusion

This marine life includes fishes that individuals eat, like cod and plaice however additionally species like seahorses, turtles, and ocean cows. Sea grasses absorb massive amounts of greenhouse gas from the encircling H2O, and then facilitate to cut back the speed of global climate change. Sea grasses facilitate shield our coastlines from storms and rising tides as a result of their leaves take energy out of the waves hit the coast, associate degree their roots act as an anchor within the underwater sand. Sea grasses additionally take in nutrients and bacterium, serving to stay our H2O clean. However sea grasses round the world are being lost at a rate of concerning 2 soccer fields each hour. Voluminous things will injury seaweed, from impure water to boats dragging their anchors in seaweed meadows. Overfishing could be a downside, since it causes associate degree imbalance within the organic phenomenon. Sadly, seaweed doesn’t get the eye it deserves as a result of the majority is unaware of its existence.

Acknowledgement

None

Conflict of Interest

None

References

1. Sarah AB,Christopher AB,Michael BR,Christopher BB,Amy CH (2017) Host Abundance, Sea-Grass Cover, and Temperature Predict Infection Rates of Parasitic Isopods (Bopyridae) on Caridean Shrimp. J Parasitol 103: 653-662.

Indexed at, Google Scholar, Crossref

2. Bianca L,Pamela JH,Caroline A (2022) The unrecognized value of grass. Science 377: 590-591.

Indexed at, Google Scholar, Crossref

3. Venus L,Kentaro H,Gay AG,Klenthon B,Allyn DP, et al. (2016) Variation in macrofaunal communities of sea grass beds along a pollution gradient in Bolinao, northwestern Philippines. Mar Pollut Bull 105: 310-318.

Indexed at, Google Scholar, Crossref

4. Bowman HH (1916) ADAPTABILITY OF A SEA GRASS. Science 43: 244-247.

Indexed at, Google Scholar, Crossref

5. Richard GH,Eva G (2013) Phylogeography of sea oats (Uniola paniculata), a dune-building coastal grass in southeastern North America. J Hered 104: 656-665.

Indexed at, Google Scholar, Crossref

6. Aakash C,Rita A,Gunilla B,Gintaras B,Gunilla F, et al. (2018) A transnational and holistic breeding approach is needed for sustainable wheat production in the Baltic Sea region. Physiol Plant 164: 442-451.

Indexed at, Google Scholar, Crossref

7. Lebskaya TK,Prylypko BLV, Menchinskaya AA,Lebsky SO (2020) [Lipid profile of the black sea shrimp Palaemon adspersus Rathke, 1837]. Vopr Pitan 89: 96-100.

Indexed at, Google Scholar, Crossref

8. Amany KI,Ahmed IY,Abdel SA,Reda F,Mohamed MR, et al. (2013) Anti-H5N1 virus new diglyceride ester from the Red Sea grass Thallasodendron ciliatum. Nat Prod Res 27: 1625-1632.

Indexed at, Google Scholar, Crossref

9. Gilles L,Andre H,Loic NM (2016) Epiphytic bryozoans on Neptune grass - a sample-based data set. Zookeys 21: 1-10.

Indexed at, Google Scholar, Crossref

10. Kusel K, Pinkart HC, Drake HL,Devereux R (1999) Acetogenic and sulfate-reducing bacteria inhabiting the rhizoplane and deep cortex cells of the sea grass Halodule wrightii. Appl Environ Microbiol 65: 5117-5123.

Indexed at, Google Scholar, Crossref

11. Ziyad TBM,Bashir MS,Awatef ME (2021) Effect of partial replacing of wheat by sea buckthorn ( Hippophae rhamnoides L.) fruit residues in broiler diets on performance and skin pigmentation. Open Vet J 11: 780-788.

Indexed at, Google Scholar, Crossref

12. Carmen V,Borja B,Arturo GQ (2007) Occupational asthma to fresh sea lavender and cross-reactivity to sweet vernal grass pollen. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 99: 576-577.

Indexed at, Google Scholar, Crossref

13. Karen LMK,William CV (2018) Will fluctuations in salt marsh-mangrove dominance alter vulnerability of a subtropical wetland to sea-level rise?. Glob Chang Biol 24: 1224-1238.

Indexed at, Google Scholar, Crossref

14. Fahed AAM,Mohammed AAY (2021) Tolerance of some warm-season turfgrasses to compaction under shade and sunlight conditions in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Saudi J Biol Sci 28: 1133-1140.

Indexed at, Google Scholar, Crossref

15. Sauter M (2000) Rice in deep water: "how to take heed against a sea of troubles". Naturwissenschaften 87: 289-303.

Indexed at, Google Scholar, Crossref