Journal of Marine Science: Research & Development
Open Access

Marine renewables; Wave energy; Tidal energy; Ocean current energy; Environmental considerations; Marine ecosystems

Introduction

The world’s growing demand for clean and sustainable energy sources has prompted the exploration of innovative technologies capable of harnessing the immense power of our oceans. Marine renewable energy sources, such as wave, tidal, and ocean current energy, offer a promising avenue to reduce our reliance on fossil fuels and combat climate change. However, as we embark on this green energy journey, it is imperative to understand and address the environmental considerations associated with marine renewables. In this article, we will delve into the environmental impacts and considerations of harnessing the power of the oceans for a cleaner future. Until now, the environmental concerns associated with renewable energy projects have been a significant obstacle, leading to the delay or rejection of many planning applications for onshore renewable developments. While offshore locations seem to alleviate some of these concerns, it’s important to remember that coastal ecosystems have already undergone significant changes due to human activities. Additionally, conflicts between various marine activities and demands are on the rise in these areas [1].

Given this complex landscape of existing uses, pressures, and anticipated developments, the expansion of the Marine Renewable Energy (MRE) sector highlights the urgent need for Marine Spatial Planning (MSP) approaches. Spatial Decision Support Systems (SDSS), which facilitate the efficient exchange of information among experts, stakeholders, and decision-makers, present an opportunity to transition from single-sector management to integrated management of marine resources and activities. In the relentless pursuit of sustainable energy sources, marine renewables have emerged as a beacon of hope. The vast and powerful oceans that cover over 70% of our planet’s surface offer a wealth of potential for clean and renewable energy generation. Technologies like wave, tidal, and ocean current energy have gained momentum in recent years, promising to reduce our dependence on fossil fuels and mitigate the dire consequences of climate change. However, as we embark on this journey to power our world with the oceans, it is paramount to acknowledge and address the profound environmental considerations that come hand in hand with these innovative technologies [2].

This article delves into the intricate realm of marine renewables, focusing on the environmental aspects that demand our utmost attention. We will explore the potential ecological impacts of harnessing the energy of the oceans and discuss the strategies and solutions that can help us responsibly navigate the path to a more sustainable energy future. By examining these environmental considerations, we can better understand the complex interplay between our quest for cleaner energy and the preservation of our marine ecosystems [3].

Harnessing the power of waves

Wave energy, generated by the kinetic energy of surface waves, is an attractive option for renewable energy production. However, the installation of wave energy devices can have several environmental implications.

• Marine ecosystem disruption: The placement of wave energy farms can disrupt marine ecosystems by altering water flow patterns and potentially affecting the migration routes of marine species.

• Impact on coastal areas: Wave energy converters are typically located near the coast, and their installation may lead to changes in sediment transport, potentially causing erosion or deposition in coastal areas.

• To mitigate these impacts, careful site selection, environmental impact assessments, and monitoring programs are essential. Additionally, innovative designs that minimize disruption to marine life are being developed [4, 5].

Tapping into tidal energy

Tidal energy is harnessed by capturing the kinetic energy of tides as they flow in and out. While tidal energy is a predictable and reliable source of renewable energy, its environmental considerations are vital.

• Alteration of tidal currents: Tidal energy systems can affect local tidal currents, potentially disrupting the movements and habitats of marine species.

• Noise pollution: The installation and operation of tidal energy turbines can introduce underwater noise pollution, which may harm marine mammals and fish.

• Navigational hazards: Tidal energy devices may pose navigation hazards for ships and boats, necessitating careful planning and marking [6 ].

Ocean current energy

Ocean currents are continuous flows of seawater driven by various factors, including wind and temperature gradients. Extracting energy from ocean currents has enormous potential but must be approached with environmental awareness.

• Marine wildlife interaction: Subsea turbines used for ocean current energy could pose risks to marine life if not properly designed and monitored.

• Sediment transport changes: Alterations to ocean currents might affect sediment transport, potentially impacting coastal ecosystems [7 ].

Mitigation and solutions

To address these environmental considerations, several strategies can be employed:

• Site selection: Choosing suitable locations with minimal ecological impact is crucial. This requires comprehensive assessments of the local marine environment.

• Technological innovation: Continuous research and development can lead to more environmentally friendly designs and materials for marine energy devices.

• Monitoring and adaptive management: Implementing ongoing monitoring programs to track the environmental effects of marine renewables can facilitate timely adjustments and mitigation measures.

• Collaboration and regulation: Collaboration among industry stakeholders, government bodies, and environmental organizations can lead to the development of comprehensive regulations and standards for the deployment of marine renewable energy projects [8].

Discussion

The discussion surrounding the environmental considerations for marine renewables highlights the complex relationship between clean energy production and its potential ecological impacts. As we transition towards a more sustainable future, it is crucial to strike a balance between meeting our energy needs and safeguarding our marine ecosystems. Wave energy has great potential, but its deployment can disrupt marine ecosystems and coastal areas. Site selection is paramount in minimizing these disruptions. Additionally, innovative wave energy converter designs that consider the needs of marine species and mitigate coastal erosion can significantly reduce the negative impact on the environment [9].

Ocean currents are a powerful resource for renewable energy, but their extraction must be approached with caution. Subsea turbines have the potential to harm marine wildlife, and changes in sediment transport can impact coastal ecosystems. Site-specific environmental impact assessments, real-time monitoring, and adaptive management strategies are necessary to minimize these effects [10 ].

Tidal energy, derived from the gravitational forces between the Earth, moon, and sun, is another promising marine renewable source. However, the extraction of tidal energy can alter tidal currents, potentially disrupting the movements and habitats of marine species. Moreover, the installation and operation of tidal energy turbines can introduce underwater noise pollution, which may harm marine mammals and fish. To address these concerns, ongoing research into quieter turbine designs and the establishment of protected areas can help mitigate the environmental impact of tidal energy [11].

Ocean currents are a powerful resource for renewable energy, but their extraction must be approached with caution. Subsea turbines have the potential to harm marine wildlife, and changes in sediment transport can impact coastal ecosystems. Site-specific environmental impact assessments, real-time monitoring, and adaptive management strategies are necessary to minimize these effects [12 f].

Conclusion

Marine renewable energies hold great promise in the transition towards a cleaner and more sustainable future. However, their successful integration into our energy portfolio requires a keen understanding of the environmental considerations and a commitment to minimizing their impact on the oceans and marine ecosystems. By embracing responsible development practices, continued research, and collaboration, we can harness the power of the oceans while preserving these vital ecosystems for generations to come.

Marine renewables represent a significant opportunity to reduce our reliance on fossil fuels and combat climate change. However, we must navigate these waters responsibly, considering the intricate ecosystems that call our oceans home. By implementing rigorous site selection processes, fostering technological innovation, and developing comprehensive monitoring and regulatory frameworks, we can harness the power of the oceans for clean energy production while safeguarding the environment. The path to a sustainable future lies in our ability to harmonize human progress with the preservation of the natural world.

Acknowledgement

None

Conflict of Interest

None

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