Advances in Crop Science and Technology
Open Access

Tef (Eragrostis tef (Zucc.) Trotter) (2n =4x =40) classified under poaceae family and Eragrostis genus. Tef is an annual cereal crop most poaceae family and Eragrostis genus. Tef is an annual cereal crop most widely grown over broad environmental conditions. Its owes its center of origin and diversity in Ethiopia and is widely cultivated throughout the country as a staple food crop [1]. The harvested caryopsis is chiefly used for preparing "injera" (a flat, circular and very soft bread), porridge, and sometimes alcoholic drinks. The bread made of tef flour, "injera", is the mainstay of the Ethiopian diet [2-4]. The nutrient composition of tef grain has high potential to be used in foods and beverages worldwide [5]. Tef annually occupies over 29% of the entire field and contributes approximately 19.33% of the gross grain output of all cereals in Ethiopia [6]. The production area of tef is increasing in extraordinary scale due to increased market demand, higher nutritional value, low incidence of damage by insects, better adaptation to drought and high value of straw [3].

The performance of one genotype differ significantly from environment to environment [7]. Tef performs in different environments differently. Genetically, tef is adaptable to a wide range of environmental conditions and even under unfavorable environmental condition. It can be grown at altitudes ranging from near sea level to 3000 mas, but it performs well between 1100 and 2950 masl [2]. Despite its versatility in adjusting to different environmental conditions, the productivity of tef in Ethiopia is very depressed with the national average standing at 1.5 t/ha [8]. In moisture stress areas of southern Oromia is lower than the average grain yield, which may be due to lack of improved varieties, non-adoption of improved technologies, disease and pests are some of the most serious production constraints. Currently different varieties of tef have been released from the regional and Ethiopian Agricultural Research Institutes [9]. Even though some varieties of tef have been released in Ethiopia, most of them were not evaluated around moisture stress areas of southern Oromia. So, the following experiment is objected to evaluate and recommend best performed tef genotypes with better performance and adaptability for the tef growers of moisture stress areas of Southern Oromia.

Description of study area

The experiment was conducted at Yabello Pastoral and Dryland Agricultural Research Center on station for three consecutive main cropping seasons from 2010 and 2012. Yabello is found 563 km from Addis Ababa to southern direction. Yabello is situated at 04°52'49'' and 038°08'55'' latitude and longitude, respectively, at an altitude of 1635 masl. The soil of study area is characterized by well-drained sandy loam (46% sand, 36% silt and 18% clay), with a pH of 7.03. It has 0.026% total nitrogen, 15.36 ppm Phosphorus and 20.4 meq of/100 gm soil CEC. The total annual rainfall in 2010, 2011 and 2012 was 1019.1 mm, 851.6 mm and 719.0 mm respectively (Figure 1). The average temperature in 2010, 2011 and 2012 was 21.5°C, 19.3°C and 20.6°C respectively (Figure 2). The most commonly cultivated crops in its surrounding areas are maize (Zea mays L.), haricot bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), tef (Eragrostis tef L.) and wheat (Triticum aesvivum L.). Maize and haricot bean are the predominant crops and staple food crops in Borana.

Figure 1: Rainfall distribution of Yabello from 2010 to 2012.

Figure 2: Average temperature of Yabello from 2010 to 2012.

Experimental materials and design

Nine improved tef varieties were brought from Debre Zeit Agricultural research center (Table 1). A total of ten varieties, including local check were planted in a RCBD with three replications at Yabello Pastoral and Dryland Agricultural Research Center main site from 2010 to 2012 cropping seasons. Each variety was planted in plot area of 12 m2 on plot size of 3 m height and 4 m width and sown in hand broadcast method. All agronomic practices were equally performed for all treatments as per recommendation.

Table 1: Lists and descriptions of experimental materials. na=not available.

Collected data

• Days to flowering: the number of days from 50% of the plots showing seedling emergence up to 50% of the plants in the plot flower.

• Days to maturity: the number of days from 50% of the plots showing seedling emergence up to 50% of the plants in the plot reaching phonological maturity stage (as evidenced by eye-ball judgment of the plant stands when the color is changed from green to color of straw)

• Plant height (cm): measured as the distance from the base of the stem of the main tiller to the tip of the panicle at maturity

• Panicle length (cm): the length from the node where the first panicle branch starts up to the tip of the main panicle at maturity

• Number of fertile tillers per plant: the number of panicle-bearing (fertile) tillers produced per plant

• Total biomass (g): the weight of all the harvestable area including tillers harvested at the level of the ground.

• Grain yield (g): the weight of grain yield for all the harvestable area of plot.

Source: Yabello Pastoral and Dryland Agricultural Research Center meteorology station.

Harvest Index (HI): the value computed as the ratio of grain yield to the total (grain plus straw) biomass multiplied by 100.

Data analysis

The collected data were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) as suggested by using SAS Software (Version 9.0) [10]. Mean separation was carried out using least Significant Difference (LSD) at 5 percent level of significance.

Performance of genotypes

Analysis of variance showed a significant difference among tef genotypes at (p<0.05), for days to maturity, biomass and grain yield for all cropping seasons (Table 2). Fentie et al. [11] and Yasin and Agedew [12] also reported considerable variation in the days to maturity, plant height and spike length and grain yield of different Tef varieties when planted over years.

Table 2: Mean of Phenological, yield and yield related traits of Tef genotypes evaluated at Yabello 2010 cropping season. Means with the same letter are not significantly different; ***=significant at P<0.001; **=significant at p<0.01; *=significant at p<0.05 and ns=non-significant, Df=days to flowering; Dm=days to maturity; PT=number of productive tillers; PL=pedicel length; PH=plant height; BM=biomass; Yld=grain yield; HI=harvest index; LSD=least significant difference; CV=coefficient of variance.

In days to flowering, significant difference was observed in 2011 and 2012 cropping seasons (Table 2). Early flowering was recorded for Tsedey (25.33 days) in both seasons while local check (45 days) was flowered later than all varieties. Fentie et al. Plaza-Wüthrich and Aliyi et al. [11,13,14] also reported significant difference among the tested varieties for days to flowering.

Days to maturity: Significant different was observed among genotypes in all cropping seasons in days to maturity. Tsedey (79.67 days) was matured earlier than all other varieties under study while local check (95.67) was late matured than all other varieties. In line with the current finding, Yasin and Agedew [12] observed significant different among genotypes in days to maturity.

Productive tillers: Analysis of variance showed significant difference among varieties in productive tillers in 2010 and 2011 cropping seasons. Maximum number of productive tillers was recorded for Magna (4.00) followed by Tsedey (3.67) while minimum number of productive tillers was observed for local check (1.00). Similar result was reported by Aliyi et al. [14].

Panicle length: Significant differences among varieties were observed only in 2012 cropping season. The longest spike length was recorded for Magna (44.67 cm) while the lowest spike length was recorded for Key Tena (20.23 cm) (Table 2). Yasin and Agedew [12] and Aliyi et al. [14] reported significant panicle length among different tef varieties.

Plant height: Analysis of variance showed a significant difference among tef varieties under study in 2010 and 2011 cropping seasons. The longest variety was Magna (99.80 cm) followed by local check (99.20 cm) while the shortest variety was Tsedey (52.13 cm) (Table 2). The longest variety is susceptible to lodging while the shortest variety is resistant to lodging. Yasin and Agedew [12] and Aliyi et al. [14] reported significant plant height among different tef varieties. In contrast to current finding, Fentie et al. [11] reported non-significant difference among tef varieties over years in plant height.

Biomass: Analysis of variance showed significant difference among varieties under study overall years (Table 2). The highest biomass was recorded for Magna (9.67 t/ha) followed by local check (8.50 t/ha). The lowest biomass was recorded for Dz-cr-385 (2.63 t/ha).

Grain yield: Significant difference were observed for tef varieties under study in grain yield (p<0.001). The highest grain yield was recorded for Magna (2.03 t/ha) followed by Local (check) and Tsedey (1.79 t/ha) in 2010 cropping season. In 2010 cropping season there was relatively highest rainfall distribution. In 2011 and 2012 cropping seasons, there was lower rainfall distribution in study area, in these seasons Tsedey yield the higher grain yield (1.34 t/ha) and (1.57 t/ha) respectively. The lowest grain yield was recorded for Key Tena (0.57 t/ha) across all locations. Fentie et al. [11]; Aliyi et al. [14] and Yasin and Agedew [12] reported significant grain yield among different tef varieties.

Harvest index: Significant difference were observed for in harvest index (p<0.05) in both 2011 and 2012 cropping seasons (Table 2). The harvest index of tef is very low compared to other cereal crops, implying that the total grain yield is very low compared to biomass or straw yield. The highest harvest index was recorded for Tsedey (23%) while the lowest harvest index was recorded for Key Tena and Dz-01-1821 (16%) (Table 2). The result indicates that, there was a positive association between grain yield and total biomass. Grain yield was harvest index and biological yield is directly correlated to each 0.56 and 0.78 respectively while biological yield is negatively correlated to harvest index (-0.01). For instance, the lowest total biomass with the corresponding high grain yield and harvest index was obtained in 2010 compared to high total biomass, but relatively low grain yield and harvest index in 2011 (Table 2).

Analysis of variance showed significant different for all year in biomass and grain yield. From the result different teff varieties interact to the study area differently. Based on days to maturity, Tsedey (79.67 days) was found to be the earliest maturing variety with relatively higher grain yield while local check (95.67 days) was late matured than all other varieties. Magna performed best and high yielder in good rainfall spreading season while Tsedey performed better in low rainfall spreading season. The result of the study revealed, recommendation of varieties is depending on rainfall distribution of study area. Based on rainfall forecast of national metrological agency of Ethiopia Tsedey is recommended for low rainfall distribution season (moisture stress) while Manga recommended for season relatively good rainfall distribution seasons.

This study was funded by the Oromia Agriculture Research Institute (OARI) scholarship. The author thanks Oromia Agriculture Research Institute for funding the project and the thanks extended to Yabello Pastoral and Dryland Agricultural Research Center for facilitation of the fund process. The author also thanks all staffs of Yabello Pastoral and Dryland Agricultural Research Center for their supports in planting, trial management and data collection.