Journal of Dementia
Open Access

Neurological; Neurodegeneration; Cerebral; Hemorrhagic stroke; Hypoxia

Introduction

In ischemic stroke, important mechanisms of neuronal death include inflammatory responses, microglial over activation, and ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. Amnestic cognitive impairment is the most common symptom of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), a progressive brain disease with a latent onset that significantly reduces a patient’s capacity for social communication and daily living; besides, it has a high frequency in individuals more than 65 years of age [1]. AD currently affects an estimated 6.2 million older Americans. If no medical breakthroughs are made to stop, slow, or cure AD, this number could rise to 13.8 million by 2060. Amyloid (A) plaque and tau neurofibrillary tangle (NFT) accumulation in the brain are pathological features of AD. The pathological accumulation of NFTs and their mediated neurodegeneration can be sparked by a deposition. However, clinical results have not been encouraging after clearing accumulated soluble and insoluble A plaques. Parkinson’s disease, or PD for short, is a progressive neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that typically affects people in their middle and later years. Dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra degenerate and die, and -synuclein in brain stem neurons accumulates to form Lewy bodies are the main PD pathological features. In addition, PD onset and progression are influenced by oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and inflammatory responses [2].

Method

Albeit the etiology of neurological issues fluctuates, neuroinflammation, oxidative pressure, neuronal apoptosis, bloodcerebrum hindrance (BBB) brokenness, neurodegeneration, and different systems might be associated with the pathogenesis of neurological problems. The difficult treatment and poor prognosis of neurological disorders are determined by their characteristics. Acute ischemic stroke is most commonly treated with alteplase. However, its limited clinical application and the risk of fatal bleeding severely limit its use [3]. Cholinesterase inhibitors, memantine hydrochloride, and levodopa are additional treatments for neurological conditions. They have the potential to somewhat ameliorate patients’ clinical symptoms; However, their therapeutic efficacy is subpar. Therefore, it is urgent to develop neuroprotective medications with low toxicity and high efficacy [4].

As an important component of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) for the treatment of diseases, Chinese herbal medicine (CHM) offers numerous advantages. CHM and its dynamic fixings have critical expected viability and less secondary effects in neuroprotection [5]; As a result, more attention has been paid to them. CHMs, like Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch), were the focus of recent research. mongholicus Hsiao Panax notoginseng (Burk), Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge, and Hypericum perforatum L. F. H. Chen., together with Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort. have the ability to protect the brain, and membranaceus is one of them, and TCM has used it for thousands of years. There are approximately 2000 species of A. membranaceus in the legume family, most of which can be found in Africa, South America, and the northern hemisphere. In addition, China is home to approximately 278 species, the majority of which are found in Tibet (the Himalayas) and northeast China. Fisch Astragalus membranaceus Bge. var Bge Mongholicus Astragalus membranaceus and Hsiao (Fisch.) Bge. are two species that have significant therapeutic value [6].

Result

According to TCM, Qi is one of the fundamental substances that make up the human body and sustain daily activities. Qi runs persistently, advances and controls the digestion of human body, and keeps up with the existence interaction of human body. According to, Astragalus membranaceus is a known CHM for regenerating Qi. Polysaccharides (Astragalus polysaccharides), triterpenoid saponins, flavonoids, amino acids, and trace elements make up the majority of its active ingredients [7]. In addition, it and the clinical preparations that are related to it have been shown to be safe and have excellent medicinal value. Basic research on the pharmacodynamic mechanism of its active ingredients is ongoing and they are currently used extensively in the clinical treatment of cardiovascular, respiratory, immune-related, and tumor-related diseases. A. membranaceus has been increasingly used to treat CNS injury and degeneration in recent years, which may encourage additional clinical research on its application. Astragaloside IV, one of the main active components of A [8]. membranaceus, was found to play a significant role in the prevention and treatment of neurological disorders in recent pharmacological studies. After that, we talk about how far pharmacological research has come regarding the use of astragaloside IV to treat neurological disorders [9].

In contrast, cavitation and mechanical and thermal effects to accelerate the extraction of active components from samples are the primary tenets of ultrasonic extraction technology. The internal supercavitation of the sample causes the internal structure of the cell to be broken up when it is subjected to ultrasonic waves. The external induction of a high-speed oscillation collision between the solvent and the substance encourages their mutual infiltration. The contrast among reflux and ultrasonic extraction was resolved utilizing the extraction pace of astragalosides as the record. The findings demonstrated that ultrasonic extraction was simple, efficient, and time-saving. As a result, the ultrasonic extraction process was made better, and the best extraction method was found to be as follows: multiple times of 70% ethanol and 40 min of ultrasonic time. Total astragalosides were extracted at a rate of 0.658% [10].

Discussion

A new extraction technique that combines conventional solvent extraction with microwave technology is called microwave-assisted extraction. It mostly utilizes microwave energy to further develop extraction proficiency [11]. Because different materials have varying degrees of microwave energy absorption, it is possible to selectively heat certain components in samples containing various kinds of compounds. When using 80% ethanol as the solvent for microwaveassisted extraction, the extraction rate of astragalosides was significantly increased, and the extraction time was only one eighth of what it took for ultrasonic extraction and one twelveth of what it took for reflux extraction [12].

Conclusion

The precision of enzyme-assisted extraction is very high. Enzymeassisted extraction can effectively degrade components of the cell wall [13], break down active component resistance to dissolution, increase extraction efficiency, and reduce extraction time. Zhang et al. used the total astragaloside content of membranous as an index figured out the best enzymatic hydrolysis method as follows: cellulose dosage of one percent, pH of 4.5, enzymatic hydrolysis temperature of 55 °C, and enzymatic hydrolysis time of 2.5 hours. The enzymatic hydrolysis group extracted astragalosides at a rate of 2.57%, which was 27.26 percent higher than the non-enzymatic hydrolysis group’s extraction rate [14].

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