Journal of Powder Metallurgy & Mining
Open Access

Coal is a key energy resource and plays a significant role in fostering national social and economic development. Nevertheless, mining may have a long-term impact on the sustainable development of nearby places.According to several studies mining can result in serious ecological harm, including the loss of groundwater levels, alteration of the original landscape pattern, destruction of biodiversity, soil erosion, heavy metal contamination of water resources, and soil heavy metal pollution caused by mining residue. Additionally, there is a complicated symbiotic interaction between the local social and economic structure and coal mining. The loss of cultivated land and the abandonment of land might arise from the deterioration of land resources brought on by coal mining. Additionally, it may cause regional agricultural development and land-use changes to stagnate. A coal resource also encourages the coordinated growth of regional metallurgy, power, and other associated industries due to its crucial economic significance, leading to imbalanced industrial development and high industrial pollution. Coal mining subsidence leads to horizontal and vertical movements of the ground and then produces inclined deformations, horizontal deformations, curvature deformations, and other effects, which harm regional infrastructure, including highways

Subjective Heading

China's large land contains a range of topographies and climates, and the natural environment varies greatly by region. The rate of social and economic growth in different parts of China has varied significantly since the reform and opening up. As an illustration, the amount of growth in the southeast coastal region has outpaced that in inland areas, and as a result, the Population is concentrated in locations with a thriving economy. China has a large number of coal mines, and due to regional variations, mining presents a variety of difficulties for local social and economic development, resident quality of life, and ecological stability. Additionally, coal is a nonrenewable energy source that will eventually run out of resources. The ecological restoration of damaged land, which has emerged as a current research hotspot, can be put into practise to ensure the sustainable growth of coal mining sites. The ecological rehabilitation of coal mine regions has been the subject of numerous studies, and most of them focus on a single mine's particular issues from a specific angle. Small-scale examples include the efficient use of mine waste coal gangue the restoration of openpit mining's vegetation and soil restoration 2015). The environmental strain caused by the disturbance from coal mining has a longterm, cumulative effect on a region. To advance toward sustainable development in future construction, it is necessary to balance the expenses of ecological restoration during later reclamation with the benefits of mining mineral resources.

Discussion

A system's resilience can be evaluated to promote sustainable development. Resilience was first used in ecology as an attribute to gauge the stability of ecosystems. It measures the stability and collapse condition of a system following perturbation (Price, 2003). It can describe the nonlinear changes in an ecosystem as the capacity of a system to adapt to changes and preserve its initial state in the face of external perturbations. Within a limited range, an ecosystem can survive and adjust to disturbances, but beyond that range, the system may struggle to return to its pre-disturbance condition and may even collapse entirely or adopt a new steady-state. The foundation of ecological resilience is the idea that there a system can maintain a balance between the various states that are present in it Systems can therefore adjust to the shifting circumstances brought on by disruption. Global changes are gradually escalating as human society develops and external shocks get more complex. Additionally, the relationship between human society and natural ecosystems has been universally established, and the theory of resilience in social-ecological systems has been further explored. The ability of a system to sustain its function, structure, characteristics, and feedbacks after disturbance is known as social-ecological resilience. The connected social-ecological system comprises more components than the environment does. subjective human activity. The ability of a system to adapt to a changing environment while absorbing a disturbance and achieving long-term sustainable development in a dynamic and complex system are hence hallmarks of social-ecological resilience. Hurricanes, earthquakes, and tsunamis have all been evaluated using social-ecological resilience.- ecological systems can experience long-term disturbances in addition to acute natural disasters, and the accumulated consequences can make a system less adaptable. Models of social-ecological resilience are used to assess climate change, the impact of drought on agriculture, and the implementation of policy subjective human activity. The ability of a system to adapt to a changing environment while absorbing a disturbance and achieving long-term sustainable development in a dynamic and complex system are hence hallmarks of socialecological resilience. Hurricanes, earthquakes, and tsunamis have all been evaluated using social-ecological resilience. Social-ecological systems can experience long-term disturbances in addition to acute natural disasters, and the accumulated consequences can make a system less adaptable. Models of social-ecological resilience are used to assess climate change, the impact of drought on agriculture, and the implementation of policy accelerated deterioration of grasslands Open-pit mining in mountainous places poses a risk of landslides, debris flows, and other dangers. The social system is built on human activities and is impacted by the creation of policies, the growth of the economy, and changes in the industrial landscape. The social structure is frequently employed as an impetus or as a barrier to indirectly influence a mining area's capability for recovery. When a mining village has more residents, it is harder to move the village and there is more resistance to the mining area's recovery. Additionally, it is challenging to ensure the safety of homes in communities where there is land subsidence, which interferes with daily living and routine production.

The environmental strain caused by the disturbance from coal mining has a long-term, cumulative effect on a region. Coal mining has a significant impact on the local ecosystem, land usage, social economy, and policies and regulations, making it a good indicator of the level of disruption in a mining area .It is clear from the integration of social and ecological systems that the supply of natural resources as well as external social forces like laws and regulations have an impact on the intensity of coal mining. The Chinese government has proposed a number of regulations to control mining activities and promote the sustainable growth of coal mining. An significant difficulty is how to build a model based on the linkage of mining intensity and social-ecological system. It is necessary to quantify the effects of mining on this system and to offer metrics and methods for resource development and utilisation, sustainable development, and ecological restoration that are systematic and distinct. The sustainable development of coal mining regions has drawn increasing attention. Prior studies used an index method for measuring resource development and sustainability at the local and provincial levels that was based mostly on statistical data from different yearbooks and case information it has been built.2017, Studies have looked at vegetation restoration and land reclamation approaches to maintain the ecology and environment in the use of remote sensing technology to the sustainable development of mining sites According to above-ground and subsurface elements, the ecological resilience of mines has been investigated .and the resilience of industrial systems in coal mines has also been evaluated. The research, however, mostly used remote sensing data for the study of a single case due to the acquisition of remote sensing data limitations. Large-scale studies frequently examine the resilience of coal mining communities using statistical data from the provincial and municipal levels. Data on the distribution and physical characteristics of mining locations in China are not open to the public. Few studies have therefore used higher geographical resolution to quantify the linked relationship between coal resource growth and the state of the social-ecological system. We used the current coal mining sites as the research object in this work to examine how coal mining and the surrounding social-ecological system have developed in concert. First, a map of coal mine locations was obtained using cutting-edge web-crawler technology, and the spatial distribution of coal mines in China was examined using the kernel density approach. Second, a study framework based on the resilience theory was created to analyse the connection between coal mining disturbance and socialecological repair. Thirdly, meaningful indicators were chosen to create an evaluation system, and a quantitative analysis of the link between disturbance elements and system resilience was conducted. From the standpoint of China's sustainable development, the mining region was separated using the county as the unit. based upon It is challenging to collect the geospatial information on mines since the spatial distribution of coal mines is private information in China that has not been made available to the public. In order to boost industry oversight and guarantee the safe expansion of mining, China's National Energy Administration has just started publishing data on the country's capacity to produce coal. According to the government, there were 4,383 coal mines in China as of 2019, 3,373 of which were production mines with an annual production capacity of 3.53 billion tonnes. Additionally, 1,010 coal mines with a combined annual production capacity of 1.03 billion tonnes were given the go-ahead to begin development, including 64 concurrent conversion and reconstruction projects. The only place these facts, making it impossible to do a quantitative spatial analysis. The fundamental building block of a search engine is the web crawler, which is widely utilised on the Internet. The geographic locations of coal mines were acquired using a big-data search engine web crawler (see below) based on the aforementioned publicly available data. The crawler used the names of the coal mines from the public databases to pinpoint their locations. In this study, a web information acquisition system based on Python was used to crawl the spatial location data on the coal mines published by the National Energy Administration. Using the open application programming interface information was obtained for 86.3 percent of the 4383 mines. The accuracy of the spatial information reached 82 percent when 100 coal mines were selected at random for verification. Small mistakes existed in the spatial positions. The spatial data that indicated the incorrect locations, according to further study, was mainly concentrated in the provincial capital cities. This issue was brought on by a discrepancy between several large coal mines' headquarters and their actual mining area. Consequently, in order to calibrate the coal mines' geographic location, manual secondary verification of the data was conducted, which further guaranteed the relative accuracy of mine distribution information.

A gauge of regional coal mining is the density distribution of mines. The object is exhibited continuously in the geographic spatial distribution while the kernel density approach assesses the degree of concentration and dispersion in a spatial distribution As a result, the spatial distribution of coal mines in China was described using the kernel density method based on data on coal production..

The critical values of the two stable states in the adaptive cycle cannot be attained in coal mining locations since it is a long-term operation. Furthermore, it is challenging to directly quantify resilience without sacrificing precision in fake trials. As a result, metrics relating to resilience must be chosen for evaluation. In order for the evaluation system to be constructed in a way that reflects the actual situation in each region, the primary indicators of resilience must be representative, scientific, and easily accessible due to the influence of numerous elements. We chose these 12 indicators to build the evaluation based on the prior studies.

Conclusion

Considerable temperatures and high rainfall were present in the coastal regions of East China, where there was a high intensity of coal mining. Due to the uniqueness of the high diving level, surface subsidence brought on by mining can result in soil salinization and collapse which causes significant changes to the surface water and vegetation cover and turns farming or construction land into water bodies. To stabilise the social-ecological system, more consideration should be given to changes in land-use types during the ecological restoration process, such as changes in the ratios of arable land and built-up areas. Along with ensuring that residents have a normal existence, coordination of the growth of ecology, society, and the economy, as well as provision of reasonable

Acknowledgement

I would like to thank my Professor for his support and encouragement.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they are no conflict of interest.

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