Insights on Divine (Islamic) Law: Islamophobia versus Terrorism, Death Penalty and Transitional Justice, Quo Vadis?

Mohamed A. ‘Arafa^*

Indiana University, Robert H. McKinney School of Law, USA

*Corresponding Author:

Mohamed A.‘Arafa
Indiana University, Robert H. McKinney School of Law, USA
Tel: +1 (317) 354-9659
E-mail: marafa@iupui.edu

Received January 08, 2016; Accepted April 28, 2016; Published May 04, 2016

Citation: Arafa MA (2016) Insights on Divine (Islamic) Law: Islamophobia versus Terrorism, Death Penalty and Transitional Justice, Quo Vadis?. J Civil Legal Sci 5:186. doi:10.4172/2169-0170.1000186

Copyright: © 2016 Arafa MA. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

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Abstract

One of the main essentials that humanists should do fine to lengthen a supporting and inspiring hand to those millions of Muslims who discard bin Laden’s mentality on brand of angry, revengeful political policy and welcome them affectionately and gently into the modern world. It is just important do even better if we work hard to eliminate political, economic, and social inequalities to authorize the immobilized, nourish the hungry, clothe the naked, house the homeless, teach and educate the young, and heal the sick.

Keywords

Divine law; Islamophobia; Terrorism; Death penalty; Transitional justice

On Islam and International Terrorism: Why Fallacy and Delusion?

On January 7, 2015—which remarks the Christmas day for Egyptian Coptic Christians, Egypt’s President ‘Abdel-Fattah El-Sisi makes noteworthy Christmas visit to Saint Mark’s Orthodox Basilica to share festivity with Christians and send a clear, recognizable, and vigorous message to fundamentalists and extreme Islamists, predominantly in light of the most recent discrimination of Copts at the hands of radical Islamic folks [1]. El-Sisi regarding his contemporary statement said that:

Islam must reform, its dialogue need to be change, and the Muslim community need a revolution in understating their Islamic religion and apprehending the accurate and correct interpretations of the Islamic provisions either the Qura’nic texts or the Prophet Mohammad’s teachings . . . [2]. In addition, Sisi has advised Egyptians to “correct and renew our religious discourse” — and his recommendation amounts to an order . . . he put it, “several factors combine to create terror and radical thinking, including ignorance, poverty, and our poor religious discourse, along with isolation and refusing to recognize the other’s culture.”

In the meanwhile, Sisi requests Al-Azhar, as he has made obvious that the indispensable improvement and renewal of the “discourse” must be realized solely by the State and religious specialists, first and foremost Al-Azhar. In this regard, the correct interpretation of the Islamic provisions or texts shall be done via the modest madaress al-fiqh (schools of jurisprudential thoughts) by implementing the recognized utensils of Islamic interpretation either Qiyyass (analogical deduction) or ijtihad (individual reasoning) before the devastating attacks on Charlie Hebdo in France, Sinai attacks, the assassination of the Attorney General in Egypt Mr. Hisham Barakat, and the attacks on the foreign tourists in Sousse in Tunisia [3].

On this Christmas day, a crime against humanity had been dedicated and stunned the whole world under the cover of religion, jihadists gunmen enforced their way into and opened fire in the Paris head office of Charlie Hebdo, shooting, killing, and wounding various folks (staff cartoonists, and police captains). Among the painful performance, the fanatics shouted Allah Akbar (God is great and the Prophet is avenged) [4]. On time, French President François Hollande designated the cruel action as a “terrorist attack of the most extreme barbarity.” At this point, Muslim founders (leaders) all over the universe convicted the barbaric episode and said that Muslims may be insulted by images that mock the Prophet Mohammad, but at the same time, they condemn violence and endure the freedom of speech as an indispensable human right documented by the domestic, constitutional, and international law principles including Islamic human rights law.

In the same vein, the Islamic religious frontrunners contended that the attitude of Muslims is in contradiction of graven metaphors of any religious figure, including Moses, Jesus, the Prophet of Islam among others, but it is also one of the foremost basics of Islam not to commit violence or attacks, as these obsessive assassins were not retaliating the Prophet; they were redressing their behaviors and religious illiteracy. These carnages and the accompanying discussion about anti-Islamic cartoons had elevated an elusive query of free speech among the U.S. Muslims, who may feel independently upset by such caricatures but also live in a culture where freedom of speech is an elementary legal right as they witnessed that the Prophet Mohammad had reacted to abuses and invectives with forgiveness (clemency), tolerance, and prayer (mercy).

Any status Quo regarding France or the European Union (“EU”) to copy and paste U.S. patriot act and adopt more restrictions on Arabs especially Muslims?

Recently, French authorities propelled a multi-pronged antiterrorism campaign and on its way to pave the ground for more counterterrorism constraints especially on Muslims and Arab individuals which may hurt the civil liberties and the main constitutional rights mainly the right to movement. One of the strategies is the crackdown on radical Islamists and renovating participation in U.S.- led airstrikes against Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (“ISIS”). The government argued that an exceptional state of affairs must be met with exceptional procedures—[illegal detention, Passenger Name Record (“PNR”) system, and confiscation of the passports of those suspected of “travelling to participate in terrorist activities” and extends the ability to arrest individuals suspected of plotting attacks…]—talented these policies would not diminish from the principles of rights and values of liberty, equality, and fraternity. The EU governments will increase processes to combat international terrorism and boost intelligence-gathering within France, and other Schengen areas to protect the national and homeland security and keep the public order while it was vague how extreme the suppression will be and if these civil rights will be infringed on suspects’ rights. It should be noted that France has prided itself on defending civil rights and public freedoms evading some of the comprehensive and perplexing provisions enacted in the United States after the September 11 attacks, such as the extensive surveillance measures undertaken by the National Security Agency (“NSA”). Furthermore, calls for new investigation and isolation of radical Muslims in prisons to prevent leaders from propagandizing had been emphasized along with crafting a special listing of those convicted of terrorist actions or belonging to fanatical groups, and monitoring terrorists’ use of the internet and social media. It will be very risky to start seeing a criminalization of French Muslim personality under the façade of counterterrorism.

In this regard, the European authorities’ reactions to the Paris attacks show that Western countries are reluctant to expressively highlight the origins of terrorism and the spread of violent extremist attitudes and practices arising out of the Middle East via investigating why groups like al-Q‘aeda and Da‘aesh are able to trainee several folks from across the globe. On the contrary, European public officials mollify public anger by calling for more antagonistic anti-terrorism laws, which is principally code for selectively pointing Muslims within their countries. It is significant to focus on the deep roots rather than indications. It is important for Western governments to spent resources on assisting native improvers in the Middle East (liberal or Islamist) in their energies to generate more political space for free speech, expression, and gathering. It should emphasized that the more expressive chances that people have to obtain equal access to quality education, lucrative occupation, and fair treatment by their nationals, the less probably they are to be enticed into obsessive groups. Supporting the dictatorial regimes in the Arab world creates fruitful atmospheres for fanaticism that rises out of the cruelty of those governments. It is complicated to keep unraveling a Western nation’s foreign strategies in the Middle East from its internal national security. If the Western regimes identify that the freedom of Muslims in the Middle East affects the liberties in the West, it might be a good start to eloquently address the essence causes of international terrorism. It is essential to define whether it was a security failure (non-suitable law enforcement agents) or a policy failure?

The proposed agenda and the way ahead

On the revival of Islam, the disgraceful status of the Middle East requires a multidimensional reform, where efforts would be applied in diverse creativities concurrently. As political philosophers thrived in disseminating a narrow approach ‘of extremists, for extremists,’ authorities must utilize Islamic organizations, intellectuals, and independent writers to propose knowledgeable opinions in interpreting and debating Islamic ideologies, according to the contextualized understanding of its primary sources (Qur’an and Sunnah). Therefore, the consequential texts and publications should be broadly circulated to educate the majority and guarantee that society members are immunized against any views or thoughts intimidating societal cohesion. Also, extra channels of collaboration should be created among Islamic foundations, civil society, clans, and the governments’ internal security services, to retain the nationals up-to-date on terrorist enterprises, reintegration practices, confrontation strategies, and counter-ideological policies. In this domain, Arab nations should form an ethnic, functional ad-hoc establishment to fold state delegates, policy and lawmakers, Muslim jurists, and academics for debate; short-and long-term object-setting; and melodious growth of the region through elevated political, economic, social, and legal systems. And the most significantly, that the notions of human rights and democracy must be presented to Middle Eastern cultures from a Middle Eastern attitude via Middle Eastern cognoscenti, so as to assure their acceptance by Arab populaces. This is not an argument that human rights are not universal; but, it is a declaration that each area in the world requires a certain border of gratitude in its sympathetic and implementation of some sensitive perceptions.

This preliminary agenda of reform especially in battling global terrorism’s causes will certainly face barriers in every probable phase of application. But the question is, why do the Arab nations have very slight to no experience in developing any intricate political or legal systems, based on comprehensive and humanistic values? In a secure stable state, social awareness is a requirement to emerging a functional system and this awareness is encompassed of public knowledge of the law (legal literacy), efficacy of the law to access justice and build civil order (legal mobilization), and evolving the values, approaches, and behaviors towards law (legal socialization). These cornerstones are all lacking in the Middle East. So, it seems that the Middle East may need to back-track to move forward. Launching the very basics of modern society (social contract, elementary literacy, etc…) with education are quite indispensable chief footsteps. It is a blatant realism. Middle Eastern and Arab countries cannot build prosperous systems without having the productive soil of an educated community along with changing cultural traditions and paranoia, then and only then, can the process of maintainable development and improvement start and activate. I’d like to quote in this respect Pamela Constable in her recent article about terrorist scandals when she said: (“The French attacks had “added fuel to the fire” of anti-Muslim sentiment around the world. “We need a lot more water and a lot more firemen to help put it out.”).

On Transitional Justice Mechanisms and Reconciliation Techniques: Divine Law or Secular Law?

God is not receding from public life: this has to be one of the most motivating assertions to come out of Charles Taylor’s conversation. For religion’s public renaissance is one of the most remarkable international tendencies of our time, as most vibrant and dramatic sites of this revival are the efforts of numerous countries to address genocide, war and military crimes, civil war’s atrocities, and the injustices of autocracy— as a public phrase in Northern Ireland puts it, to “deal with their past,” known as “transitional justice” among scholars and activists. Not only complicated and influential, the religions have even counterfeit a distinctive model for dealing with the past (reconciliation), as an attitude that fluctuates noticeably from the perspectives of the human rights community and the international “peace building consensus.”

Muslims, Christians, and Jews advocates of reconciliation’s theological concept, meaning the “restoration of right relationships” and in contemporary politics, it encompasses acknowledgment (truth commissions, memorials, . . . ), compensations, apology, forgiveness, occasionally retribution (punishment), via a unique restorative logic, and scores of civil society creativities to rectify wounds and alter hatred [5]. In this regard, understanding that Islam plays a crucial role in law and politics in the Middle East, as it includes Islamic legal basis for transitional justice such as prosecution, reparations, and reconciliation measures under Sharie‘a, as the Prophet Mohammad said: “[I]f a relative of anyone is killed, or if he suffers khabl (wound), he may choose one of three things: he may retaliate, or forgive, or receive compensation.” Justice plays a dominant theme in the Qur’an as represents one of the Islam’s main purposes. In terms of retributive justice, Muslim fiqh (scholars) splits crimes and punishments into three categories: Hudud are prescribed offences cover specific acts (e.g. theft, adultery, slander…), Qisas means retaliation for murder, wounding, and mutilation and for community’s improvement, and ta‘zir includes minor misbehaviors, crimes for which retribution is improper (or impossible), and offences not cited in the Qur’an and don’t have any fixed penalties as hudud and qisas, which administered at the qadi (judge)’s discretion [6].

In terms of restorative justice, Islamic law endorses forgiveness, as Islamic literatures define reconciliation as flowing from God’s mercy to forgive the repentant, though forgiveness is conditional upon perpetrators’ repentance. Hence, this sort of Islamic justice is not exclusive or even favored means of punishment for killing crimes, the victim’s family always fortified to admit addiyat (blood money) over retaliation, based on public interests and state goals [7]. There is no doubt that the three Abrahamic beliefs and traditions (Christianity, Islam, and Judaism) along with others have presented the popular of religious arguments for political reconciliation. Religious foundations for settlement, at least those in these dogmas, originate their instructions for horizontal affairs within political societies from the vertical link that God forges with humanity [5].

Death Penalty and Transitional Justice: The Case of Egypt Constitutionally, Legally, and Internationally

The presence of human rights assurances is the distinguishing character of a reliable judicial system; remarkably, these comprise the guarantees arising from the right to a fair trial, encompassing for instance, the denial of proofs attained through torture or other inhuman treatments. At this point, the State along with international organizations is persuaded that the full respect of those human rights collaterals and the denunciation of legally sanctioned violence are at the core of the reliability and credibility of any criminal justice system [8]. Justice, particularly when the severest criminal acts are concerned and life is at stake, should not rely on chance and fortune; an individual’s life should not depend on accidental components such as the judges (or jury) selection, media pressure, the competence of a defense attorney, etc… The refusal of cruel sentences, and first and foremost the death penalty, obviously contributes to building a judicial system on universally acceptable principles, which is free of retaliation or revenge and which the population as a whole can trust.

According to the new Egyptian Constitution along with the Egyptian criminal justice system, any citizen arrested, detained or whose freedom is constrained shall be treated in a manner associated with the preservation of his dignity. No physical or moral harm is to be imposed upon him. He may not be incarcerated or imprisoned except in places defined by laws organizing prisons. If a confession is proved to have been made by a person under any of the abovementioned forms of duress or coercion, it shall be considered invalid and futile [9]. Any assault on individual freedom or on the inviolability of the private life of citizens and any other public rights and freedoms guaranteed by the Constitution and the law shall be considered a crime, whose criminal and civil lawsuit is not liable to prescription (statute of limitations). The State shall grant a fair compensation to the victim of such an assault.

The State shall be subject to law as for rule of law. The independence and immunity of the judicature are two basic guarantees to safeguard rights and liberties. Penalty shall be personal. There shall be no crime or penalty except by virtue of the law. No penalty shall be inflicted except by a judicial sentence. Penalty shall be inflicted only for acts committed subsequent to the promulgation of the law prescribing them. In addition to that any defendant is innocent until he is proved guilty until he is proved guilty before a legal court, in which he is granted the right to defend himself. Every person accused of a crime must be provided with counsel for his defense and any person arrested or detained shall be informed forthwith of the reasons for his arrest or his detention. He shall have the right to communicate with whoever he sees fit and inform them of what has taken place and to ask for help in the way organized by law. He must be notified, as soon as possible, with the charges directed against him. Any person may lodge a complaint to the courts against any measure taken to restrict his personal freedom. The Law shall regulate the right of complaint as well.

By the same token, according to Egyptian Criminal Code, the country’s attorney general along with the defendants have the possibility to instinctively appeals death penalties to the Supreme Court (Cassation Court), which can order a retrial and if the retrial results in the same ruling, the defense attorney may over ask the court to grant a retrial procedure. According to Article 2 of the Egyptian Constitution 2014, “Islam is the State’s religion...and the principles of the Sharie‘a is the principal source of legislation.” In light of this provision’s interpretation, the law of God requires that premeditated and serious offenders be put to death which means the lex talionis (equality principle) through sustaining the victims’ feelings and then social peace and criminal justice will conserve [8]. Orthodox Islamic scholars argued that Islamic standards are incontrovertible, based on the Supreme Constitutional Courts’ decision on the interpretation of the Sharie‘a values [10]. Nevertheless, the court believes that the Sharie‘a law include “relative” philosophies and “updated or modern” canons which are capable of being accustomed within the social future development through ijtihad (individual reasoning) and Qiyyass (precedential analogy) and without any paradox to the main maqasid (objectives/bulk) of the Islamic fiqh (jurisprudence) [11]. In this area, the most conformist religious scholars go as far as to claim the renovation of the death penalty for all criminal offenses identified in the Qur’an and others moderate Islamic intellectuals claimed for the restoration of the diyyahh whereby criminals can be (forgiven) whereby delinquents can be pardoned or acquitted by their victim’s family by giving them compensation [8]. Egypt’s Constitution stipulates that all those accused of a criminal offense are “presumed innocent until proven guilty in a fair legal trial in which the right to defend oneself is guaranteed.” The Constitution does not refer to the corporal punishment but confirmed a certain number of guarantees concerning the respect of individual public rights and freedoms.

In this regard, the Egyptian Constitution makes no mention to the death penalty. It declares a definite number of assurances concerning the respectability of individual freedoms, and it forbids arbitrary detention and torture. Furthermore, it instructs that every person should be adjudicated promptly by an independent judiciary. One provision sets out the right to legal assistance by one’s selected defense lawyer and preserves the presumption of innocence. In the same vein, the Penal Code sets this punishment for various crimes.

Crimes of this punishment are tried by the criminal circuits of the Appellate courts in which the criminal procedures does not offer a fair system of reasonable administration of justice which establishes a breach of the United Nations (UN) Safeguards guaranteeing defense of the rights of those facing the death sentence [12]. The Penal code obliged the court to pass the case file to the Mufti (religious leader) for his opinion, before articulating this punishment decision to make sure if it is well-matched with Islamic law norms or not. In Egyptian law, execution can be suspended by retrial’s request, as the right to request a retrial belongs to the prosecution or the defendant.

As a question on the Sharie‘a on the death penalty extermination, and based on the constitutional’s sensible interpretation of Islamic law rules, as Islam should familiarize to the ebb and flow which have come about since the Prophet’s period, elaborating Talion Law is an old-fashioned practice which should be bartered by the legislature and the judiciary to end up the debate on death penalty not only in Egypt but also in the Islamic World. For decades, act of vengeance no longer introduces the basis for punishment, as any development appears to aggregate law’s secularization, the goal of which is to isolate the Prince’s law from God’s law. Disappointingly, the rise in numerous fundamentalism’s formulas is not favorable to this approach.

Violating all of these perceptions represents a direct contravention not only to the divine law, or domestic law but also to the international law values in which the Arab and Islamic World committed to, such as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (“UDHR”) and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights among many others [13].

These international documents authorizes the State Party to implement unilateral processes which exempted it temporarily from definite duties incumbent on it by virtue of the Covenant. These procedures must nonetheless be of an extraordinary nature and provisional. For instance, in some applications, the case must pose an exceptional public threat which threatens the survival of the nation and the State Party must have declared officially an emergency status. Of the number of items of the charter from which there is no derogation, as right to life especially, proscription of torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment and the principle of legality of crimes and punishment in the field of criminal law should be noted. Additionally, it is also specified that States Parties may in no circumstances invoke the Covenant’s provisions as justification for acting in defilement of humanitarian law norms or peremptory norms of international law, for example through arbitrary deprivation of freedom or by conflicting from fundamental principles of fair trial that comprise the presumption of blamelessness [14].

Whither Egypt? Conclusion and Practical/Policy Considerations

In conclusion to its inquiry into the death penalty, the human rights activists along with domestic and international organizations are disappointed to echo that the obliteration of the death penalty is not a foremost concern for Egyptian human rights defenders and the Egyptian legislator. The opponents normally appeal that the Islamic law is in favor of the death penalty; and as Sharie‘a presented by the Egyptian Constitutional charter as an incontrovertible spiritual doctrine and the basis of all genuine statutes and legal rules. This claim makes any argument on this punishment meaningless, as it cannot be contended on its principles since it is reflected to be consistent with God or divine law. On the other hand, there are a substantial number of liberal and open-minded scholars who argue and feel that Islam should adapt to the fluctuations which have come about since the Prophet Mohammad’s time and based on a flexible interpretation of the textual provisions either of the Qur’an or the Sunnah (primary sources of the law) or via other secondary sources as qiyyass (analogical deduction) and istihsan (juristic preference) for instance.

These academics and well-known jurists elaborate that the Tailon Law, in which the Islamic norms explicitly refers to validate the death penalty, is an outdated practice which should be switched by the Judiciary. Contemporarily, reprisal no longer creates the basis for criminal penalty or chastisement. Any progress seems then to be contingent specifically on the aggregating secularization of the law, means to separate the law of the Prince from the law of God. Regrettably, the expansion in various forms of extremism is not beneficial to this attitude.

It should be noted that the emergency status provided by the Constitution, in principle it can only be professed “in exceptional circumstances such as war, threat of war, disorder and disaster which constitute a threat to national security or public order” and “for a specific [definite] period of time.” Thus, regarding the criminal terrorist occurrences happened not only in Egypt but also in other Arab countries or all over the world, there is nothing to defend, the persistence of exceptional procedures which are flagrant transgressions of human rights and international law principles (international conventions and covenants) codified. Furthermore, the criminal laws in force permitting the death penalty for a various number of criminal offenses permit terrorist deeds to be penalized without the need to worry about the punishment’s legality which is not accepted in the recent criminal policy.

Accordingly, it is highly recommended to adopt a cessation on executions, as a first footstep to promote the closure of the death penalty in all cases, to be in consistent with the international law standards as the resolution of the United Nations Human Rights Commission, the resolution of the African Commission for Human and Peoples’ Rights among others. Also, the reduction of the number of criminal acts punishable this penalty by restraining them to those which have serious, lethal values, in accordance with Article 6 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) and to guarantee that the Code of Criminal Procedure applied in well detailed manner concerning those sentenced to death, by counselling them of the decision of the Supreme Court (Court of Cassation). Moreover, setting up a judicial remedy to challenge the decisions of the Supreme State Security Criminal Courts, within the United Nations Protections ensuring protection and the defense of the rights of those facing the death penalty. Make sure that the conditions of custody for those condemned to death, and also for all other convicts, are well-suited regarding the intrinsic dignity of any human being; train judges and law enforcement executives in the severe respect of the principle of the inadmissibility of confessions attained under torture or cruel act, as provided for in the national legislations and in international law norms.

It should be noted that Islam—like Christianity, Judaism, Hinduism, or any other religion either Abrahamic or not—is not only about peace nor is it about war. Every faith is about utter belief in its own dominance and the divine right to enforce its version of truth upon others. Various Islamic law schools sprung up in numerous regions, with fluctuating allegations for future development. When the Qur’an (God’s words) and the Sunnah (the Prophet’s teachings) were lastly expressed, there were already several conflicting interpretations of these texts. With the ensuing further relocation of the faith to as far away as China, the Americas, and Indonesia, Islam found itself taking on a crowd of forms and tones, with no single authority to govern which among them was “accurate and correct.” The uniformity’s problem gets more complicated due to the introduction of new languages, living styles, and advanced technologies. Today Islam encompasses a massive diversity of beliefs and performances. What is habitually practiced by one group may be prohibited by another.

Classical Muslim scholars were rigorously harsh toward revolutionaries who used what the jurists designated as furtiveness attacks and, thus, spread terror. Muslim intellectuals considered terrorist attacks against innocent and unarmed victims as dreadful and immoral severe criminal acts, and treated the culprits as the worst sort of criminals. In this respect, it should be emphasized that the Constitutional Rights Foundation notes that:

In the 19^th Century, many Muslim countries came under the control or influence of Western colonial powers. As a result, Westernstyle laws, courts, and punishments began to appear within the Sharie‘a. Some countries like Turkey totally abandoned the Sharie‘a and adopted new law codes based on European systems . . . Modern legislation along with Muslim legal scholars who are attempting to relate the will of Allah to the 20^th Century have reopened the door to interpreting the Sharie‘a. This has happened even in highly traditional . . . countries with fundamentalist Islamic regimes . . . have attempted to reverse the trend of westernization and return to the classic Sharie‘a . . . [15].

All in all, Islamic law has been implemented in numerous forms by several nations, fluctuating from a stringent interpretation in Saudi Arabia and others, to a moderately liberal interpretation in other places. Further, Sharie‘a law is anticipated to be only applicable to Muslims and the non-Muslims are invented to be exempt from the provisions of the law; and this norm should universally followed.

Conclusion

It should be obvious that there is a likelihood that Islam can advance throughout much of the world toward more democratic, diverse humanities along with sharing the goals of endorsing rationalism, secularism, democracy, and human rights within Islamic society. But what is misplaced is a genuine and real action plan to achieve this. Of course, this need first to discover conducts and techniques to influence an adequate room with all those Muslims whose notion of their religion and whose personal routines (styles) are companionable now with humanity’s ongoing synchronicity. This won’t materialize if we admit to Osama bin Laden the indication that his Islam is the “only true Islam” or postpone for the alteration of a billion Muslims to humanism. To enquire for all this at once is to ask for too much, too soon. One of the main essentials that humanists should do fine to lengthen a supporting and inspiring hand to those millions of Muslims who discard bin Laden’s mentality on brand of angry, revengeful political policy and welcome them affectionately and gently into the modern world. It is just important do even better if we work hard to eliminate political, economic, and social inequalities to authorize the immobilized, nourish the hungry, clothe the naked, house the homeless, teach and educate the young, and heal the sick. This is a message that all folks will apprehend.

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