Journal of Gastrointestinal & Digestive System
Open Access

The pathogenesis of thrombocytopenia in liver diseases is not well established. In addition to splenic congestion, increased destruction of platelets, decreased platelet production, anti-platelet antibodies, disseminated intravascular coagulation, translocated toxins or other gut-derived substances, and portosystemic shunting may also play a role in thrombocytopenia related to liver disease [1-8].

Moreover, infections, drugs, toxins, and nutritional deficiencies may also cause thrombocytopenia through bone marrow depression. An important observation in this field was the identification of thrombopoietin and its role as a primary physiological regulator of platelet production. It is produced primarily in the liver, although the kidney, spleen, and bone marrow also contribute to its production [9]. Serum levels of thrombopoietin decrease in patients with cirrhosis [10,11].

The expression of thrombopoietin mRNA in the liver tissue decreases with progressive liver disease in both humans and rats [12]. These findings suggest that thrombocytopenia in liver disease is caused not only by splenic sequestration but also by decreased platelet production due to reduced synthesis of thrombopoietin and/or other humoral factor(s) by the liver.

Lamivudine inhibits hepatitis B virus replication and reduces viral load, leading to clinical, biochemical, serological, and histological improvement in patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) [13,14]. Results of a histological study showed that 3 years’ lamivudine therapy reversed fibrosis in most patients [15]. Liver biopsy is still the gold standard for the evaluation of the fibrosis score in these patients; however, it is an invasive method.

Thus, recent studies have focused on searching for noninvasive and repeatable methods for assessing the alterations of the fibrosis score in these patients. Peripheral platelet count (PPC) is a component of several noninvasive indexes that have been used to assess liver fibrosis in patients with CHB; these indexes include APRI index [includes aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and PPC] [16], AP index (includes age and PPC) [17] and FIB4 index [includes age, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), AST, and PPC] [18,19]. Lamivudine reduces liver fibrosis in patients with CHB. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between increasing PPC and decreasing liver fibrosis in patients with CHB on lamivudine therapy.

Patients

Patients were retrieved from a study performed between 2000 and 2005 in which the stopping rule(s) of lamivudine therapy were investigated. There were no guidelines or criteria for stopping lamivudine therapy during this period.

In this unpublished and abandoned study, 196 treatment-naive patients were followed up for at least 2 years and pre-treatment and 2- year liver biopsies were performed. To exclude the impact of hypersplenism, patients whose ultrasonography indicated splenomegaly and/or those with bi or pan-cytopenia were not included in the study.

Other exclusion criteria were the presence of insufficient data, lamivudine resistance, co-infection with hepatitis C or D virus, coexisting positivity for one of the autoimmune hepatitis markers (antinuclear antibody, anti-mitochondrial antibody, anti-smooth muscle antibody, or anti-liver-kidney-microsomal antibody), ethanol consumption more than 40 g/day, and patients on interferon or adefovir dipivoxil therapy.

Data of AST, ALT levels, fibrosis score, and PPC prior to and in the second year of lamivudine therapy were collected from the patients’ medical reports. The associations between lamivudine-induced alterations of AST, ALT, fibrosis score, and PPC were analyzed. Determination of PPC was made by a routine complete blood count auto-analyzer (Coulter Gen-S, USA), which was routinely performed within 7 days prior to percutaneous liver biopsies for all patients.

Histopathological assessment of the liver was performed by 2 experienced pathologists according to the Knodell system [20]. The final evaluation was reported after the consensus of both pathologists. Informed consent in writing was obtained from all patients, and the study protocol conformed to the ethical guidelines of the 1964 Declaration of Helsinski.

Statistical analysis

Wilcoxon test was used to evaluate the association between the alterations in fibrosis score, PPC, ALT, and AST levels after a 2-year therapy with lamivudine.

Data are presented as the mean ± SD. A p-value of less than 0.05 was regarded as significant. All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 11.0.

A total of 153 patients with CHB were found to be eligible. The mean age of 153 patients (99 males, 54 females) was 39.05 ± 11.8 years (range: 14-67).

HBeAg was positive in 71 (46.4%) patients. Mean AST, ALT levels, fibrosis score, and PPC of the patients before lamivudine therapy were 75 ± 84.4 IU/L, 133 ± 281.0 IU/L, 2.06 ± 1.3 (Knodell score) and 194 ± 57.7 cells × 10⁹⁄L, respectively.

Mean AST, ALT levels, fibrosis score, and PPC of the patients at the end of the second year of lamivudine therapy were 39 ± 34.0 IU/L, 52 ± 61.3 IU/L, 1.43 ± 1.4 (Knodell score), and 212 ± 63.9 cells × 10⁹⁄L, respectively. Lamivudine decreased AST, ALT levels, and fibrosis score, and increased PPC (Table 1).

Table 1: Fibrosis score, hematological parameters, and liver function tests of 153 patients with chronic hepatitis B before and at the second year of the lamivudine therapy; [ALT: Alanine Aminotransferase, AST: Aspartate Aminotransferase, PPC: Peripheral Platelet Count, ALP: Alkaline Phosphatase, WBC: White Blood Cell Count].

HBV-DNA was negative at the end of the second year of lamivudine therapy in all patients. There was no association between increased PPC and decreased liver fibrosis score (p>0.05) (Figure 1).

Figure 1: No association was found between increased peripheral platelet count (PPC) and decreased liver fibrosis score.

Increased PPC was found to be associated with decreased ALT levels (p<0.05). Decreased liver fibrosis score was found to be associated with decreased AST levels (p<0.05) (Figure 2). No association was found between decreased liver fibrosis score and increased PPC or decreased ALT levels (p>0.05).

Figure 2: Decreased liver fibrosis score was found to be associated with decreased aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels.

Liver fibrosis score is important for the prognosis and management of patients with CHB. An invasive method, liver biopsy, is still the gold standard for detecting the extent of liver fibrosis. Thus, recent studies focused on searching for noninvasive and repeatable methods for assessing severity of liver diseases, with results that suggest that the aminotransferases and PPC are the most accurate noninvasive markers of hepatitis B virus-related fibrosis [16,18,19,21-23]. Lamivudine is an established drug used in the reversal of fibrosis in most patients with CHB [15]. However, to the best of our knowledge, no previous study investigated the correlation between alterations of noninvasive markers and fibrosis score during lamivudine therapy.

In this study, a 2-year therapy of lamivudine resulted in a decrease in liver fibrosis score, ALT, and AST levels, and an increase in PPC. Although we previously demonstrated that PPC has a negative correlation with liver fibrosis score in patients with CHB [21], this study did not reveal this association after a 2-year lamivudine therapy. Although PPC increased and liver fibrosis score decreased, no association was found between the alterations of these two parameters after 2-year lamivudine therapy. This finding might suggest the absence of direct interaction between these two parameters. We also found that a decreased liver fibrosis score is associated with decreased AST levels. It is well-known that with progressing hepatic fibrosis, reduction of AST clearance and increased releasing of AST from mitochondrial injury lead to increased serum AST levels rather than ALT levels [24,25].

Our study showed that increased PPC was associated with decreased ALT levels. ALT is known to be a marker of hepatic injury/ inflammation. Thus, alteration in hepatic inflammation during the lamivudine therapy might result in an alteration in PPC. Several studies have shown that nucleoside analogs have immunomodulating capabilities in patients with CHB [26-30]. Factors such as the release of inflammatory cytokines during lamivudine therapy might be responsible for these alterations in PPC and liver fibrosis score.

In conclusion, the present study showed that lamivudine therapy increased PPC independently from decreased fibrosis score. Increased PPC was correlated only with decreased ALT levels. Further studies investigating the potential interaction between the alterations of PPC and inflammatory status during therapy with nucleoside analogs are needed.