Journal of Nutrition Science Research
Open Access

Broiler breeder; Fibrous diet; Vitamin C; Skeletal strength and behaviour

Introduction

During the rearing and prebreeder periods (up to 22 weeks of age), the uniformity, carcass traits, tibia parameters, and behavior of broiler breeders were examined in this experiment. Three hundred and eighty-four one-day-old pullets were randomly assigned to one of four treatments arranged in a two-by-two factorial pattern. Two levels of fiber (control vs. fibrous diet, 15% diluted in AMEn and nutrient content) were included in each treatment. To decide serum soluble phosphatase (High mountain) levels, blood tests were taken at 6, 15, and 22 weeks (4 birds for each repeat), and conduct was seen through visual sweep examining. At 22 weeks, the carcass characteristics, tibia parameters, and intestinal morphology of two birds from each replicate were evaluated, and the integrity of each bird’s tail and wing feathers was scored [2]. When compared to the diet used as a control, a stringent diet had no effect on BW consistency, mortality, or the development of the tibia. Pellets fed a fibrous diet had lower tibia breaking strength, elastic modulus, and ash content (P 0.05). Furthermore, their bosom muscle was less evolved (18.5 versus 19.8%, P 0.05), their Snow capped mountain serum level was lower at 6 and 22 weeks, and their stomach fat affidavit was higher (1.14 versus 0.87%, P 0.05). At 15 and 22 weeks, respectively, they performed 97% less grasping feather pecking and 45% less non-food object pecking, and their wing-feather score was lower at 22 weeks (P 0.05) [3]. Tail-and wing-feather scores of the control medications were decreased by L-ascorbic corrosive consolidation (tail: 0.30 vs. 1.15, P < 0.05; wing: at 22 weeks, P 0.05, 0.98 versus 1.26). All in all, a stringy eating regimen further develops wing-feather trustworthiness by lessening cliché ways of behaving, disintegrating bone mineral testimony, and further developing remains qualities (diminished bosom muscle and expanded stomach fat statement). Integrating L-ascorbic acid works on the trustworthiness of lower feed recompense tail and wing feathers [4].

Materials and Methods

Birds and facility

In accordance with the European Union’s guidelines for the care and use of animals in research, the Animal Ethics Committee of the Universitat Autnoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain, approved all of the experiment’s animal experimentation procedures (European Parliament, 2010).

The experimental facility Granja Solé in Vila-rodona, Tarragona, Spain, randomly divided 384 Ross 308 female broiler breeder chicks between the ages of 0 and 22 weeks into 32 pens with 12 chicks per pen. A chime consumer was remembered for each pen, which estimated 1.5 square meters. Because there was sufficient space between them, all of the hens were able to feed and reach the drinker simultaneously. New wood shavings were used as litter, and the litter was topped off weekly to keep it dry [5].

Design of the experiment

The CTR diet and the FBR diet had two levels of fiber, making up the four treatments in the 2:2 factorial. The diet without vitamin C– supplemented (C) and the diet with vitamin C–supplemented (200 mg/ kg) included both vitamin C. The treatments were CTR/C, CTR/C+, FBR/C, and FBR/C+, and each was replicated eight times.

Despite having an underlying BW of 43.2 g 2.94 g and a BW coefficient of variety (CV) of 7.1 0.51%, birds were randomly assigned to the various reproduces [6].

Taking care of program, diets, and feed admission

The feed factory of the Institut de Recerca I Tecnologia Agroalimentaria Mas Bové in Constant, Tarragona, Spain, was where feed was made. The eating routine taking care of routine comprised of four stages: Cultivator (from 7 to 15 weeks), Starter II (from 2 to 6 weeks), and Prebreeder (from 16 to 22 weeks) are the starters. Starter I was the only diet that was used in all four treatments; the feed for Starter I was crumble, the feed for Starter II was short pellet, and the feed for Grower and Prebreeder was regular pellet. Feed was frequently taken from the floor [7].

Tables 1 and 2 display the ingredients and nutrient composition of the experimental diets, respectively. According to Ross 308 Parent Stock Nourishment Details, the CTR abstinence from food was designed to fulfill the supplement requirements of the grill raisers during the raising and prebreeder periods. Unrefined substances (rough protein and edible amino acids, absorbable phosphorous and calcium, and nutrient and mineral premix) that are wellsprings of insoluble fiber were remembered for the FBR diets to diminish 15% of their So be it and supplement content. A forage pellet with 33% barley straw and 67% ray grass was one of these [8]. The analyzed nutritional values of the forage pellet were as follows: The estimated AMEn value of the forage pellet was 892 kcal. 89.7% dry matter; CP, 11.6%; 24.8% unrefined fiber (CF); 47.8 percent; fiber of neutral detergent (NDF); Acid detergent fiber (ADF) at 30.1% 8.1% lignin from acid detergents (ADL); 1.3% unrefined fat; moreover, trash, 11.7%. In the diets supplemented with vitamin C, 200 mg/kg of a stabilized (phosphorylated) Na/Ca salt of L-ascorbic acid were included.

Table1:Ingredients (%) of the experimental diets.

Abbreviations: CTR, control diet; FBR, fibrous diet.

Table 2: Effects of fiber level and vitamin C inclusion on body weight (BW) and body weight coefficient of variation (CV) at 6, 15, and 22 wk of age.

Abbreviations: C-, not vitamin C-  supplemented diet; C+, vitamin C- supplemented diet; CTR, control diet; FBR, fibrous diet.

Body weight, uniformity, and mortality

Weekly, each pullet was weighed, and the average BW and BW CV were calculated for each pen. Data Collection, Sampling, and Analytical Decisions Daily and cumulative mortality were calculated to compare the various treatments [9].

Feed

During the trial’s prebreeder and rearing phases, experimental feed samples were taken from a variety of diets. These samples were ground and kept at 5°C prior to double testing. Diet proximate analyses were conducted using the International method of the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists (AOAC): dry matter (Strategy 934.01), unrefined protein (Technique 968.06), CF (Technique 962.09), NDF/ADF/ADL (Technique 973.18), rough fat (Technique 2,003.05), and debris content (Technique 942.05) are the estimations that are utilized in this review. The UAB’s Servei de Nutrició I Benestar Creature (SNiBA) lab played out all examinations.

Carcass traits

At 22 weeks, in the wake of gauging the pullets, the two birds that were all nearest to the typical BW of each pen were killed so estimations could be taken and tests could be taken to concentrate on body characteristics, gastrointestinal morphology, and tibia boundaries [10].

To decide their BW rate, bosom muscle (pectoralis major and minor), stomach fat (pericloacal and encompassing the gizzard), void gastrointestinal system (proventriculus to cloaca, both included), and oviduct were separated and gauged.

Morphology of the intestine

Three centimeter-long tissue tests were taken from the jejunum, halfway between the bile pipe passage and Meckel’s diverticulum (2 birds/pen). After being fixed in a solution of 10% buffered formalin and dehydrated using a graded ethanol series, the samples were embedded in paraffin. For a similar planning, four cross segments, each 4 m thick, were independently cut from each example [11]. The sections were stained using hematoxylin and eosin in accordance with Hampson’s method. Behaviour at 6, 15, and 22 weeks of age, the behavior of the pullets was observed using Hawking’s momentary visual sweep inspection method [12]. During two 20-minute meetings per day, one in the morning (9:30 to 12:30 p.m.) and one in the early evening (13:30 to 16:30 p.m.), we observed ways of behaving known as “getting a handle on feather pecking” (GFP) and “non-food object pecking” (NFOP), respectively. Observations were made in random order at intervals of one minute per block of four pens after the birds had had five minutes to adjust to the observer’s presence and all feeding-related activities had ended. The extent of the complete number of dynamic creatures to the quantity of pullets participated in each conduct classification was recorded and communicated. Every single observation was made by the same observer [13].

Results

Body weight, uniformity, and mortality

The BW and BW CVs at 6, 15, and 22 weeks are shown. BW CVs were unaffected by the inclusion of vitamin C or fiber, and there was no interaction (P > 0.05). The BW CVs of pullets fed the CTR and FBR diets were comparable at 6 weeks (11.36 and 11.59 percent, respectively, P = 0.818), 15 weeks (9.51% and 10.32 percent, respectively, P = 0.449), and 22 weeks (8.58% and 9.02 percent, respectively, P = 0.714). The cumulative mortality rate (percentage) at 22 weeks was unaffected by fiber intake (CTR: 2.22 % and FBR: 0.56 percent, P = 0.372) or vitamin C (C: 0.52% and C+: 2.38%, P = 0.189); the mix of effects (fiber level/Lascorbic corrosive thought) was not immense either (P = 0.240).

Feed and nutrient intake

The collected feed admission (g) at 22 weeks for FBR medicines was 17.3% higher than the CTR (FBR/C) after week-by-week acclimatization to the guideline BW profile: 12,431 has a FBR/C+ and a 9.9 12,407 versus CTR/C: CTR/C+: 8.8 10,268 52.5 10,264 ± 36.0) (P < 0.01).

Carcass traits

At 22 weeks of age, the effects of including vitamin C and fiber on carcass traits (in relation to BW) are shown. There was no effect of vitamin C inclusion, but pullets fed the FBR diet had lower breast muscle (18.5 vs. 19.8 percent, P = 0.001), higher abdominal fat deposition (1.14 vs. 0.87%, P = 0.031), a larger empty digestive tract (5.07 vs. 4.63%, P = 0.001), a larger proventriculus plus gizzard (2.04 vs. 1.94%, P = 0.035 In any case, there was no massive distinction between the pullets took care of the FBR diet and those took care of the CTR diet, for small digestive system (2.13 and 2.05%, P = 0.136) or for oviduct (12.5 g and 16.2 g/10 kg BW, P = 0.227).

Morphology of the intestine

These are the histomorphological parameters of the intestinal mucosa of the middle jejunum. At 22 weeks, neither the amount of vitamin C in the diet nor the amount of fiber in the diet had any effect on how the intestines looked: level of the villus, profundity of the Lieberkühn sepulcher, and their proportion

Behaviour

Pullets didn’t perform GFP by any means following a month and a half, and there were no impacts on NFOP from fiber level or L-ascorbic acid incorporation. At 15 weeks, the CTR/C treatment had an essentially higher level of GFP than different medicines, as estimated by the impacts of L-ascorbic acid and fiber level (P = 0.009). The medicines for CTR/C+, FBR/C, and FBR/C+ did not significantly differ from one another. The CTR/C+ treatment had a significantly higher percentage of NFOP (P = 0.043) than the FBR/C+ treatment. The CTR/C and FBR/C medicines had values that in the middle between. There were no massive contrasts between the CTR/C and CTR/C+ medicines at 22 weeks, nor between the FBR/C and FBR/C+ medicines for GFP and NFOP; However, the percentage values of the CTR treatments were significantly greater than those of the FBR treatments (GFP: P = 0.029; NFOP: P = 0.003).

Discussion

Effect of fibrous diet

Feeding FBR diets to broiler breeder pullets, which were intended to reduce competition and increase feed allocation, was anticipated to increase BW uniformity and decrease mortality in this study. Contrary to our expectations, neither consistency nor mortality was improved by the FBR diet. These outcomes are steady with those of different creators, who took care of weakened diets to oven raiser pullets during raising and found no improvement in consistency nor mortality decline. It would be interesting to investigate how FBR diets affect these parameters in the field, where management is poorer and competition is higher [14].

The higher consideration of insoluble fiber in the FBR diet might be connected with the birds’ lower bosom bulk. Kluth and Rodehutscord (2009) investigated the inevitable loss of endogenous amino acids at the terminal ileum in broilers fed diets containing two distinct levels of insoluble fiber (cellulose) [15]. The terminal ileum’s CP and amino acid flow significantly increased with an increase in the diet’s cellulose content. Parsons et al. directed a subsequent report utilizing chickens took care of sans n counts calories. 1983) tracked down that an eating routine high in insoluble fiber (with 17.5% cellulose) discharged more amino acids than an eating regimen low in insoluble fiber. De Lange et al. state: 1989), the mechanical impact of fiber may alter the impact of cellulose. Additionally, Leterme et al. As per 1998), fiber might increment endogenous cell misfortunes and how much supplements conveyed to the lumen because of its grating impact on the digestive wall [16]. As a result, the birds fed the FBR diet may have had more endogenous amino corrosive problems, which may have made the breast muscle statement weaker. Additionally, the birds fed the FBR diet may have had a more developed digestive tract, which may have contributed to their less developed breast muscle mass. This is because amino acid allocation for the development and turnover of this higher digestive tract may have been detrimental to breast muscle growth [17].

Impact of L-ascorbic acid

In this review, it was estimated that L-ascorbic acid could work on the skeletal strength of grill raiser pullets. However, vitamin C supplementation had no effect on tibia BS, EM, or ash content. According to Whitehead and Keller (2003), our expectations were based on the fact that vitamin C plays a normal role in the proliferation and differentiation of chondrocytes, which are essential for the initial formation of bone and subsequent remodeling, and that a lack of vitamin C causes widespread abnormalities in connective tissue due to a disruption in the production of collagen. Weiser et al., according to a 1988 study, in a manner similar to how chicks fed Vitamin C increased 1,25-D production [18]. We may have observed no effect on skeletal strength due to the feed used in our experiment lacking vitamin C. According to Whitehead et al., it was developed to provide 200 mg/ kg of vitamin C as a supplement. 1993) recommendation), but the average analyzed value for the various diets was 138 mg/kg. Similar to this, the premix used in this study contained sufficient vitamin D3, which may have obscured the role that vitamin C played in the rise in 1,25-D production [19]. As a result, a nutrient D3 deficiency diet and higher levels of L-ascorbic acid supplementation may be options for the exploratory plan of a subsequent report. Another reason to investigate the effect of vitamin C on skeletal strength (Gous and Morris, 2005) was the possibility that poultry’s endogenous vitamin C synthesis is insufficient during stressful times, when the requirements may exceed the synthesizing capacity. However, stress is low in the experimental setting because the management is correct [20]. It would be interesting to study the vitamin C effect in field conditions, where competition, stress, and poor management are more prevalent.

Conclusions

Broiler breeder pullet uniformity and mortality are not affected by fecund diets formulated with a raw material source of insoluble fiber. Pullets fed the FBR diet have more abdominal fat and less breast muscle, which is great for later production; Their wing feather integrity is better and their GFP and NFOP behaviors are lower at 22 weeks, indicating that they are under less stress; in any case, even with their skeletal development not being altered, their bone mineral substance and hence skeletal strength are lower. It tends to be reasoned that the FBR diet further develops cadaver attributes and decreases stereotypic ways of behaving. The inclusion of vitamin C improves the integrity of the tail and wing feathers of pullets fed the CTR diets, which have a lower feed allowance, but it has no effect on skeletal strength. In addition, the tailand wing-feather scores could be non-invasive practical tests to quickly assess stress in rearing farms, and the ALP could be a direct method to evaluate bone mineral deposition.

Acknowledgement

None

Conflict of Interest

None

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