Immunology: Current Research
Open Access

Sand fly secretion contains potent and sophisticated medicine molecules that area unit able to modulate the host's astringent, inflammatory, and immune systems. Throughout this study, we've got a bent to evaluated the results of salivary gland sonicate (SGS) of Lutzomyia intermedia, the natural vector of protozoon braziliensis, on monocytes obtained from the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of healthy volunteers. We’ve got a bent to investigate the results of sand fly secretion on macromolecule production and surface molecule expression of LPS-stimulated human monocytes antiseptic or infected with L. braziliensis.

Pre-treatment of non-infected human monocytes with L. intermedia SGS followed by LPS-stimulation semiconductor unit to an enormous decrease in IL-10 production within the inside of an enormous increase in CD86, CD80, and HLA-DR expression. Pretreatment with SGS followed by LPS stimulation and L. braziliensis infection semiconductor unit to an enormous increase in TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-8 production whereas not necessary alterations in costimulatory molecule expression [1]. However, pre-treatment with L. intermedia SGS did not finish in necessary changes inside the infection rate of human monocytes.

Leishmaniasis can be a protozoan parasitic infection transmitted by sand flies. Whole totally different species of protozoon area unit associated with distinct clinical types of illness [2]. leishmaniosis (CL) caused by protozoon major is typically benign; infection of human hosts ends up in the event of a localized connective tissue lesion that eventually heals, leading to the generation of life long-immunity [3]. In distinction, CL caused by L. braziliensis is distinguished from totally different kale agar by its chronicity, latency, and tendency to unfold inside the human host. Throughout this illness, one lesion with elevated borders and a death Centre is usually determined, and a chronic inflammatory response develops despite the scarcity of parasites. In 1–5% of patients, muco-cutaneous kala azar may occur thanks to the intrinsic ability of L. braziliensis to persist within lesion scars once spontaneous or chemotherapy-mediated healing and its ability to unfold to the nasal membrane [4, 5].

Within their secretion, sand flies have evolved Associate in Nursing array of potent medicine parts that induce a positive microenvironment for adequate blood feeding and which may even be very important for parasite establishment L. intermedia is that the sand fly species chargeable for the transmission of protozoon braziliensis, the conducive agent of connective tissue and membrane leishmaniasis; thus, we've investigated the results of L. intermedia secretion on the host's reaction in terms of surface molecule expression and macromolecule production [6,7].

We can conclude that the results exerted by L. intermediate secretion on human monocytes area unit whole totally different from those determined with L. longipalpis secretion, Maxadilan alone and P. papatasi secretion and such variations may play a really necessary role regarding the results of kale agar. Moreover, since it has been projected that protection against sand fly secretion parts can protect the host from infection, our observations to boot suggest a note of caution regarding the event of vaccines supported sand fly secretion [8].

Lutzomyia intermediate, Corte state Pedra strain, and Lutzomyia longipalpis, Cavunge strain, were reared at Centro state Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz-FIOCRUZ, as delineate elsewhere. Adult sand flies were used for dissection of secretion glands 3–5 days once emergence [9]. Secretion glands were confine groups of 20 pairs in 20μl NaCl (150 mM) Hepes buffer (10 mM, pH7.4), at -70°C. Instantly before use, secretion glands were discontinuous by ultra-sonication 1.5 ml conic tubes. Tubes were centrifuged at 10,000 × g for 2 min and thus the resultant supernatant (Salivary secretory organ Sonicate – SGS) was used for the studies. The number of LPS contamination of SGS preparations was determined using a commercially on the market LAL Chromogenic Kit (QCL-1000, Lonza Bioscience); LPS concentration was <0.1 ng/ml.

Reagents for staining cell surface markers and intracellular cytokines were purchased from BD Biosciences, San Diego, CA. Cells were blocked with anti-Fc receptor protein (2.4G2) and were stained with anti-human CD80 (L307.4), CD86 (2331) and HLA-DR, displaced person and DQ (G46-6) conjugated to letter of the alphabet [10]. Isotope controls were used as acceptable. For every sample, 20,000 events were analyzed victimization CELLQuest™ software package and a FACSort® flow cytometer (Becton Dickinson Immunocytometry).

L. braziliensis strain MHOM/BR/01/BA788 was isolated from a patient with tropical sore from the state of Bahia (northeastern Brazil) when temporary (2–4) passages in medium. This isolate was known as L. braziliensis by victimization PCR and being antibodies. Promastigotes were big in Schneider medium (Sigma) supplemented with 100 U/ml of antibiotic drug, 100ug/ml of antibiotic and 10% heat-inactivated fetal calf body fluid (all from Life Technologies). Monocytes were pretreated with SGS as on top of for 12 hours, stirred up with LPS for 4 hours and were infected with L. braziliensis parasites (5 parasites to one monocyte) for 4 hours. Infected monocytes were washed for removal of parasites and cultivated for 24h and 48 h. Co-stimulatory molecule expression was analyzed by flow cytometry and protein profiles were determined by ELISA.

1. Titus RG, Bishop JV, Mejia JS (2006) The immunomodulatory factors of arthropod saliva and the potential for these factors to serve as vaccine targets to prevent pathogen transmission. Parasite Immunol 28: 131-141.

Indexed at, Google Scholar, Crossref

2. Aebischer T, Moody SF, Handman E (1993) Persistence of virulent Leishmania major in murine cutaneous leishmaniasis: a possible hazard for the host. Infect Immun 61:220-226.

Indexed at, Google Scholar, Crossref

3. Theodos CM, Titus RG (1993) Salivary gland material from the sand fly Lutzomyia longipalpis has an inhibitory effect on macrophage function in vitro. Parasite Immunol 15:481-487.

Indexed at, Google Scholar, Crossref

4. Brodie TM, Smith MC, Morris RV, Titus RG  (2007) Immunomodulatory Effects of the Lutzomyia longipalpis Salivary Gland Protein Maxadilan on Mouse Macrophages. Infect Immun 75: 2359-2365.

Indexed at, Google Scholar, Crossref

5. Gorak PM, Engwerda CR, Kaye PM (1998) Dendritic cells, but not macrophages, produce IL-12 immediately following Leishmania donovani infection. Eur J Immunol 28:687-695.

Indexed at, Google Scholar, Crossref

6. Belkaid Y, Butcher B, Sacks DL (1998) Analysis of cytokine production by inflammatory mouse macrophages at the single-cell level: selective impairment of IL-12 induction in Leishmania-infected cells. Eur. J. Immunol 28:1389-1400.

Indexed at, Google Scholar, Crossref

7. MacMicking J, Xie QW, Nathan C (1997) Nitric oxide and macrophage function. Annu Rev Immunol 15:323-350.

Indexed at, Google Scholar, Crossref

8. Waitumbi J, Warburg A (1998) Phlebotomus papatasi saliva inhibits protein phosphatase activity and nitric oxide production by murine macrophages. Infect Immun 66:1534-1537.

Indexed at, Google Scholar, Crossref

9. Liew FY, O'Donnell CA (1993) Immunology of leishmaniasis. Adv Parasitol 32: 161-259.

Indexed at, Google Scholar, Crossref

10. Rohousova I, Volf P, Lipoldova M (2005) Modulation of murine cellular immune response and cytokine production by salivary gland lysate of three sand fly species. Parasite Immunol 27: 469-473.

Indexed at, Google Scholar, Crossref