Journal of Cytokine Biology
Open Access

Hepatitis E virus infection produces a variety of extrahepatic symptoms in addition to liver symptoms. Hepatitis E virus infection has been linked to symptoms in the neurological system, kidneys, cryoglobulinemia, haematological system, reproductive system, autoimmune, and pancreas in multiple investigations. As a result, rather from being only a liver illness, Hepatitis E virus infection should be regarded a systemic disease. Distinct genotypes of Hepatitis E virus cause different extrahepatic symptoms. Even asymptomatic Hepatitis E virus infection can trigger and cause systemic disorders, and the severity of these diseases does not always correlate with the severity of Hepatitis E virus infection. Hepatitis E virus infection usually results in self-limited acute viral hepatitis, but persistent infection and extrahepatic symptoms have become a major health concern. Although genetic and serological evidence suggests that numerous other animal species may act as Hepatitis E virus hosts in industrialised countries, domestic pigs and wild boars are the principal reservoirs of Hepatitis E virus genotype 3 and genotype 4 for human infections.

Hepatitis E virus infection is a rapidly spreading infection that poses a serious public health threat, particularly to immunocompromised people, pregnant women, and HBV-coinfected people. Depending on the HEV-genotype, Hepatitis E virus is transferred via faecal/oral or zoonotic transmission. Hepatitis E virus, the pathogen that causes the disease, is a little-studied but important infection. Hepatitis E virus usually produces self-limited acute viral hepatitis, but chronic infection with neurological and other extrahepatic symptoms is becoming a major clinical issue. Following the discovery of swine Hepatitis E virus in pigs and proof of its zoonotic potential, Hepatitis E virus strains from more than a dozen different animal species were genetically identified. Hepatitis E virus strains from pigs, rabbits, deer, camels, and rats have been demonstrated to infect humans and overcome species boundaries. Abnormal liver function tests are prevalent during pregnancy. While hepatic damage during pregnancy usually has a minor impact on mother and foetal outcomes, it can occasionally result in serious maternal and foetal morbidity, and even death. We look at the epidemiology, clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment of hepatitis during pregnancy caused by less common pathogens like Epstein–Barr virus, cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex viruses, dengue fever, malaria, leptospirosis, Q fever, typhoid fever, and other uncommon infections, as well as the implications for infants’ breastfeeding. Infection with the hepatitis E virus can induce persistent infections in solid organ transplant recipients, as well as liver damage and cirrhosis. Because infection is typically asymptomatic, under diagnosis is a big issue. Systematic screening may allow for early detection and treatment of liver disease.

This cross-sectional survey included information from databases and 250 samples from the biorepository of a previous research project10 with sufficient volume to perform the tests. The participants were volunteer blood donors consecutively recruited during the period from April to November 2011 at Hemotherapy Institute “José Scaff” – Hemosul in Campo Grande, the capital city of Mato Grosso do Sul state, Brazil. Participants were first informed about the project and asked to sign an informed consent form prior to being interviewed using a standardized questionnaire. All serum samples were tested by a commercially available ELISA immunoassay (Wantai Beijing, China) for the presence of anti-HEV IgG and IgM. Evidence of HEV exposure was defined as a positive anti-HEV IgG and/or IgM test result. Both studies used the Wantai HEV ELISA kits to perform the tests, and this difference could be explained by the risk behaviors of people who use crack cocaine such as shared use of crack-cocaine equipment, socioeconomic status, environmental sanitation, and poor personal hygiene, which facilitates the transmission of diseases via the fecal-oral route

Infection with the hepatitis E virus is a serious public health issue. In India, Hepatitis E virus infection has been recognised as a leading source of enterically transmitted acute sporadic hepatitis, particularly among adults. Hepatitis E virus is hyperendemic in India, where outbreaks and instances of acute sporadic viral hepatitis are both common. The majority of these outbreaks can be linked to human faeces pollution of drinking water systems. In the recent decade, our understanding of the virus’s epidemiology, clinical features, diagnostic procedures, therapeutic choices, and the necessity for immunisation has changed dramatically. In a group of immunocompromised patients, the prevalence of ongoing, chronic, and previous hepatitis E virus infections was studied. The link between transfusion-transmitted Hepatitis E virus and Hepatitis E virus seroprevalence was investigated, and the Hepatitis E virus seroprevalence was compared to that of healthy blood donors[1-5].

Conflict of interest

The author declares no conflict of interest.

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