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Cytogenetic research and chromosome analysis are the main aspects in genomics and genetic sciences. Molecular cytogenetic techniques, such as in situ hybridization methods, are admirable tools to analyze the genomic structure and function, chromosome constituents, recombination patterns, alien gene introgression, genome evolution, aneuploidy, and polyploidy . In the dynamic field of horticultural science, advancements in genetic analysis techniques have revolutionized our understanding of plant genomes. One such breakthrough technology is Genomic InSitu Hybridization (GISH), which enables researchers to visualize and analyze the genomic composition of plants with unprecedented accuracy. By combining the principles of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and DNA hybridization, GISH has emerged as a powerful tool for studying the structure, function, and evolution of plant genomes. In horticulture, GISH has found diverse applications that contribute to plant breeding, germplasm characterization, and genome manipulation. This article explores the exciting prospects and real-world applications of Genomic In Situ Hybridization in horticultural science [1].

Chromosomal evaluation

Cytogenetic testing is the examination of chromosomes to determine chromosome abnormalities such as aneuploidy and structural abnormalities. A normal human cell contains 23 pairs of chromosomes, including 22 pairs of autosomes and a pair of sex chromosomes [2]

Methods of chromosomal analysis

Cells for chromosome analysis can come from a blood sample, from inside a bone from a swab of cells taken from inside your mouth, or from a sample of your skin or hair. Cells can also be taken from the fluid that surrounds a baby inside a mother’s uterus [3].

Purpose of chromosome test

Chromosomes: Chromosomal genetic tests analyze whole chromosomes or long lengths of DNA to see if there are large genetic changes, such as an extra copy of a chromosome, that cause a genetic condition [4].

Cytogenetic

The study of chromosomes, which are long strands of DNA and protein that contain most of the genetic information in a cell. Cytogenetic involves testing samples of tissue, blood, or bone marrow in a laboratory to look for changes in chromosomes, including broken, missing, rearranged, or extra chromosomes there are three major methods of cytogenetic testing there are routine karyotyping. Fluorescent in situ hybridization Comparative genomic hybridization and array comparative genomic hybridization [5].

Genomic in situ hybridization (GISH), a molecular technique, can be a helpful tool for the species classification. In GISH analysis, chromosome labeling is uniform and intense with same species probes. On the other hand, such labeling is inadequate and irregular if probe DNA is from different species. Applied the GISH method on mango. A basic focusing criterion was on signal strength of genomic in situ hybridization on metaphase chromosomes. On the basis of number and intensity of hybridization signals, eight wild species were effectively phylogenetically classified into four groups. GISH results clarified that Mangifera sylvatica Roxb probes showed highest signal intensity on M. indica chromosomes. Hence, GISH findings showed a closed relationship between M. indica and M. sylvatica. However, GISH phylogenetic classification further improved this relationship. Consequently, GISH technique is a precise way to classify Mangifera species [6].

Applications of GISH in Horticultural Science

Genome characterization: GISH is a valuable technique for studying polyploid plants, which possess multiple sets of chromosomes. By using labeled probes from related species, researchers can identify and differentiate the various genomes within a polyploid species. This information helps in understanding the origin, evolution, and genetic diversity of polyploid horticultural crops like wheat, cotton, and fruit trees [7].

Hybridization analysis: GISH plays a crucial role in plant breeding programs by facilitating the identification and characterization of interspecific or intergeneric hybrids. By utilizing species-specific probes, GISH enables breeders to confirm the presence and stability of desired genes or chromosomal segments in hybrid offspring. This information is vital for developing new cultivars with improved traits, such as disease resistance, yield potential, and stress tolerance [8].

Genome manipulation: GISH contributes to the field of genome manipulation in horticultural science. Researchers can induce chromosomal changes in plants by treating them with chemical agents or subjecting them to stress conditions. GISH allows the visualization and quantification of such changes, including chromosome rearrangements, duplications, deletions, and translocations. This knowledge aids in targeted breeding efforts and the development of novel cultivars with desired genetic modifications [9].

Polyploidization studies: Polyploidization, the process of increasing the number of chromosome sets, is a significant mechanism in plant evolution and diversification. GISH enables researchers to investigate the consequences of polyploidization events by tracing the parental genomes and identifying chromosomal interactions in newly formed polyploid species. This knowledge enhances our understanding of genetic mechanisms underlying crop adaptation and speciation [10].

Conclusion

The integration of GISH with other molecular techniques, such as comparative genomics and transcriptomics, will provide a comprehensive understanding of gene function, regulatory mechanisms, and evolutionary dynamics in horticultural crops. Genomic In Situ Hybridization has emerged as a powerful technique in horticultural science, enabling researchers to unravel the mysteries of plant genomes. From genome characterization to hybridization analysis and genome manipulation, GISH offers valuable insights. Chromosome structure, genetic organization, genomic constituents, and genomic recombination are easily approachable by the use of this technique. Although GISH provides a large range of genomic study, genome sequencing provides more clear genetic information. Therefore, further improvement in genetic information can be performed due to advancements in GISH such as multicolor GISH analysis.

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