Growth, Yield and Returns to Koi, Anabas testudinous (Bloch, 1792) under Semi-intensive Aquaculture System using Different Seed Types in Bangladesh.

Chakraborty BK^1* and Haque SM²

¹Department of Fisheries, Bangladesh

²Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh

*Corresponding Author:

Chakraborty BK
Department of Fisheries
Mymensingh, Bangladesh
Tel: 01715 470855
E-mail: bborty@gmail.com

Received Date: February 24, 2014; Accepted Date: May 20, 2014; Published Date: May 30, 2014

Citation: Chakraborty BK, Haque SM (2014) Growth, Yield and Returns to Koi, Anabas testudinous (Bloch, 1792) under Semi-intensive Aquaculture System using Different Seed Types in Bangladesh. J Fisheries Livest Prod 2:113. doi:10.4172/2332-2608.1000113

Copyright: © 2014 Chakraborty BK, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

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Abstract

The experiment was conducted for a rearing period of 100 days in nine earthen ponds having an area of 0.35 ha each. The fry stocked at 0.247 million.ha-1 was designated as treatment T1, T2 and T3 at different private farms of Mymensingh district, Bangladesh. The ponds were stocked having an initial length of 0.75 ± 0.0.01 cm and 0.50 ± 0.02 g in T1 (normal koi), 0.70 ± 0.01 cm and weight of 0.25 ± 0.01 g, in T2 (hormone treated koi) and T3 (Vietnam koi), respectively. Physicochemical parameters and plankton populations were at the optimum level for culture period. Maximum weight gain was observed in treatment T3 and lowest in treatment T1. Final length, final weight and survival of Anabas testudineus also followed the same trends as weight gain. Individuals in treatment T3 produced significantly higher specific growth rate than treatment T2 and T1. Feed conversion ratio was significantly higher in treatment T3 followed by treatment T2 and T1 in that order. Fish production in treatment T1, T2 and T3 were 16381.2 ± 106.12, 19851.6 ± 104.07 and 22063.0 ± 104.57 kg.ha-1.day-100 respectively. Significantly higher production was produced in treatment T3 than in treatment T2 and T1, respectively. In despite of this, consistently higher net benefit was found also from treatment T3 than from treatment T2 and T1. Significantly higher economically benefit was also recorded in treatment T3 than in treatment T2 and T1, respectively. Overall, highest growth, survival and net benefits of A. testudineus were obtained from hormone treated Vietnami koi population at a density of 0.247 million.individual.ha-1. Among three treatments, Vietnami koi population (treatment T3) appears to be most suitable for good aquaculture practice of koi, A. testudineus in 100 days rearing system. Therefore, monoculture practice of A. testudineus is an ideal method of choice for an eco-socio-economically sustainable koi culture to meet up the protein deficiency of the general people of Bangladesh.

Keywords

Anabas testudineus; Stocking density; Growth; Survival; Net benefit; Total production

Introduction

The Perch fish Anabas testudineus (Bloch, 1792) is one of the important fresh water fishes of Bangladesh which is locally known as Koi in different places of Bangladesh. It is commonly found in open water (streams, lakes, floodplain and beels), paddy fields and swamps of Bangladesh and its preferred habitats are heavily-vegetated, stagnant waters. Total length is recorded 176 mm [1]. This species is very much popular for its excellent taste and high market value. Now-a-days, this species koi plays an important role in meeting the nutritional requirements of people of Bangladesh. This fish was abundantly available in our open water system but due to over exploitation and various ecological changes in its natural habitat; this native species is declining. Indiscriminate destructive practices have caused havoc to aquatic biodiversity [2]. Recent studies suggest that worldwide 20% of all fresh water species are extinct, endangered or vulnerable [3]. International Union of Conservation of Nature (IUCN) [4] enlisted A. testudineus as not threatened perch fish in Bangladesh. But due to rough and unplanned water management policy for irrigation, over exploitation, illegal practice of capture fisheries and various ecological changes in its natural habitat; this native species is threatened now [5]. Considering the importance of this species in nutritional, economics and biodiversity point of view, it is required to develop an appropriate culture technique of A. testudineus. This good aquaculture technology will be helpful to meet up the dietary demand and this tasty fish will be available for the rural people of Bangladesh [6]. For large scale production of fish, comprehensive information on culture technology is required. Therefore, the present study aims to find out the maximum growth, yield and economic performance of monoculture system. In order to do so, a huge quantity of genetically improved fingerling would be required which could be met through successful rearing of koi, A. testudineus. The present experiment has been undertaken to develop a practical and economically viable methodology for mass production of A. testudineus under controlled grow out monoculture technology. This technology is a good technology in aquaculture to meet up the protein deficiency and socio-economic status of the general people of Bangladesh.

Materials and Methods

Study area and experimental design

The research was carried out at the private rearing ponds of three Fish Farms, Shabajpur, Sadar and Gaffargaon Upazilla, Mymensingh, Bangladesh. The experiment was conducted for a period of 100 days from April to July, 2012 in nine earthen rearing ponds with a surface area of 0.35 ha with an average depth of 1.0 meter. The ponds were having similar rectangular size, depth, basin conformation, contour and bottom type. Three treatments of same stocking density of fry of normal koi, hormone treated koi and Vietnami koi were employed with three replicates each. Normal thai climbing perch and hormone treated fries were collected from Bramhaputra hatchery and and Vietnami koi was collected from Sharnalata Agro Fisheries Ltd, Radhakani, Fulbaria, Mymensingh, Bangladesh. Nazim Uddin Farm, Shabajpur, Sadar, Mymensingh (treatment T₁) was designed with normal koi. Babul Fish Farm, Basutia, Gaffargaon, Mymensingh (treatment T₂) was stocked with hormone treated koi and Rubel Fish farm, Doulatpur, Gaffargaon, Mymensingh (treatment T₃) was stocked with Vietnami koi.

Pond preparation and fertilization

The ponds were dewatered, freed from aquatic vegetation, exposed to full sunlight and had a well-designed system of inlet and outlet. After drying, quicklime (CaCO₃, 250 kg.ha^-1) was spread over the pond bottom. All the ponds were filled with ground water. Five days subsequent to liming, the ponds were fertilized with organic manure (cowdung @ 2470 kg.ha^-1). Quicklime (50 kg.ha^-1) was maintained fortnightly to control water quality of different treatments.

Stocking

An initial length of 0.75 ± 0.0.01 cm and 0.50 ± 0.02 g was stocked in treatment T₁ and same length 0.70 ± 0.01 cm and weight of 0.25 ± 0.01 g was stocked in treatments T₂ and T₃, respectively. Stocking densities of the treatments T₁, T₂ and T₃ were same at the rate of 0.247 million.ha^-1.

Supplementary feeding

In order to meet the increasing dietary demand, supplementary readymade floating Mega feed and sinking Soudi Bangla feed was supplied at the rate of 6-100% of their total biomass twice and daily commencing from the first day of stocking. Proximate composition of the feeds was analyzed according to AOAC [7] method, nitrogen free extract (NFE) by subtraction [8]. Floating Mega feed was supplied in early stage and sinking Soudi Bangla feed was supplied after 35 days of rearing for daily ration. Proximate composition (% dry matter) of the supplementary floating Mega feed (crude protein, crude lipid, Crude fiber, ash, moisture and Nitrogen-free extract) of experimental feeds was 30.0%, 3.0%, 10.0%, 17.0%, 12.0% and 28.0%; and sinking Soudi Bangla feed (crude protein, crude lipid, Crude fiber, ash, moisture and Nitrogen-free extract) was 30.0%, 6.0%, 07.0%, 18.0%, 12.0% and 27.0% respectively.

Water quality parameters

Physicochemical parameters of pond water were monitored every ten days interval between 9.00 and 10.00 h. Water temperature was recorded using a Celsius thermometer and transparency (cm) was measured by using a Secchi disc of 20 cm diameter. Dissolved oxygen and pH were measured directly using a digital electronic oxygen meter (YSI, Model 58, USA) and an electronic pH meter (Jenway, Model 3020, UK). Total alkalinity was determined by titrimetric method [9]. Total ammonia of water samples was determined with the help of a Hach Kit (Model DR 2010, USA). The chemical reagent Rochelle salt and Nesslar reagents were used for this purpose. Total hardness of the pond water was measured titrimetrically in the office of Fisheries Department, Bhaluka, Mymensingh. Phosphate-phosphorous of collected pond water was determined using a Hach Kit (DR-2010, USA) and necessary reagent pillow Phos Ver-5. Nitrate-nitrogen of water samples was determined by using a Hach Kit (DR-2010, USA) and necessary reagent pillow NitroVer-5. Nitrite-nitrogen of pond water samples was determined by using a Hach kit (DR- 2010, USA) and necessary reagent pillow NitroVer-3.

Plankton monitoring

Quantitative and qualitative estimates of plankton in the nursery ponds were taken every ten days interval. Water from different locations and depths of each pond were collected and filtered through fine-meshed plankton net (0.04 mm) to obtain a 50 ml sample. The samples were preserved immediately with 5% buffered formalin in plastic bottles. Plankton density was estimated by using a sub-sampling technique. A Sedgwick-Rafter (S-R) cell was used under a calibrated compound microscope for plankton counting. Plankton count (number of cells per liter of water sample) was made using the formula proposed by Rahman [10] and Stirling [11].

Water recycling

Water recycling method is developed regularly for controlling pollution of excretory product of individual and plankton bloom. Inlet and out let system of water body was to be processed and sometime water was recycled by a pump machine to maintain ecosystem of the ponds.

Estimation of growth, survival, production and feed utilization

Twenty individuals from in each pond were sampled every ten days interval until they attained the marketing size. The growth performance of the individual were assessed in terms of length and weight, Average Daily Growth (ADG), Specific growth rate (SGR), Conditioning Factor (K), Food Conversion Ratio (FCR), % Survival and Mean values (± SD) for each parameter were computed. The term of Conditioning Factor (K) was calculated according to Ricker [12]. Average Daily Growth (ADG) and % Survival were followed according to De Silva [13]. SGR and FCR were calculated according to Brown [14], Ricker [12], Castell and Tiews [8], Hepher [15] and Gangadhara et al. [16] respectively. After 100 days, the fishes were harvested by repeated netting, followed by drying the ponds. The individuals were counted and weighed. Survival (%) and production (number.ha^-1) of fishes were then calculated and compared among the treatments.

Analysis of Experimental Data

The data were analyzed through one way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) using MSTAT followed by Duncan’s New Multiple Range test to find out whether any significant difference existed among treatment means [17,18]. Standard deviation in each parameter and treatment was calculated and expressed as mean ± S.D. The level for significance was set at 0.05%.

Results

Water quality parameters

Mean levels of Physico-chemical parameters over the 100 days rearing of fishes are presented in Table 1. The mean water temperatures in treatment T₁, T₂ and T₃ were not statistically significant (p>0.05). Mean secchi disk transparency did not differed significantly (p>0.05) in different treatments. The Mean Dissolved Oxygen (DO) was decreased from T₃ to T₂ and T₂ to T₁ but did not differ significantly (p>0.05). The pH, Nitrate-nitrogen, Nitrite-nitrogen, Ammonia-nitrogen and Phosphate- phosphorus was increased from T₂ to T₁ and T₂ to T₃ but was not significantly different (p>0.05). Total alkalinity was decreased from T₃ to T₂ and T₂ to T₁ but differ significantly (p<0.05). Hardness was also decreased from T₃ to T₂ and T₂ to T₁ but differ significantly (p<0.05). Despite these variations, water quality parameters in all the experimental ponds were within the normal range for fish culture (Table 1) for water recycling method.

Table 1: Physico-chemical characters of water in the earthen ponds of Anabas testudinous during the experimental period (Figure in the same row having the same superscript are not significantly different (p>0.05). Figure in the parenthesis indicates the range)

Plankton enumeration

From the Table 2, it was found that the quantity of phytoplankton and zooplankton found in treatment T₁ (313.70 ± 53.94 and 107.12 ± 25.06)/ml stocked with normal koi fish, T₂ (276.22 ± 49.17 and 87.31 ± 21.94) ml^-1 stocked with hormone treated F₁ generation and T₃ (234.35 ± 44.55 and 74.09 ± 18.68) ml^-1 stocked with hormone treated F₂ generation koi fish, respectively (Table 2). Thirty genera of phytoplankton recorded in four group’s viz. Chlorophyceae, Bacillariophyceae, Cyanophyceae and Euglenophyceae. The mean abundance of total phytoplankton of T₁ was significantly higher (p<0.05) than those of T₂ and T₃. The zooplankton population consisted of 12 genera including nauplii in two group’s viz. Crustacean and Rotifera. Rotiferans were dominant over the entire experimental periods in all treatments. The abundance of zooplankton differed significantly (p<0.05), decreasing from T₃ to T₁.

Table 2: Average variation of phytoplankton and zooplankton population under different treatments (Figure in the same row having the same superscript are not significantly different (p>0.05). Figure in the parenthesis indicates the range)

Growth, feed utilization and production of fish

Growths (length and weight) of A. testudinous are shown in Figures 1 and 2. The increase in length and weight was the highest in T₃ followed by T₁ and T₂. Growth and production parameters of individuals are shown in Table 3. The initial length and weight of fish, stocked in the treatment T₁ was 0.75 ± 0.01 cm and 0.50 ± 0.02 g and treatment T₂ and T₃ were same (0.70 ± 0.01 cm and 0.25 ± 0.01 g). The fish in T₃ treatment showed the highest gain in both length and weight over T₁ and T₂ treatment, where stocking density of fry was same (247000 ha^-1). However, the mean final length and weight of fish between treatment T₃ and treatment T₁ and T₂ were significantly different (p<0.05). The highest weight gain was in T₃ and lowest in T₁. SGR in T₃ was significantly higher than T₂ and T₁, and was significantly different (p<0.05). FCR was comparatively lower in treatment T₃ than T₂ and T₁. Therefore, SGR and FCR were best for fish in T₃ where hormone treated Koi was reared. The lowest condition factor (K) was recorded in T₃, and the highest in T₁. Condition factor was significantly higher in T₁ than T₂ and T₃. The highest survival rate was also observed in T₃, and the lowest in T₁. There was a significant variation (p<0.05) in the survival rate in A. testudinous among different treatments.

Figure 1: Mean length (cm) gain of Anabas testudinous after 100 days of rearing

Figure 2: Mean weight (g) gain of Anabas testudinous after 100 days of rearing

Table 3: Growth performance, survival and production of Anabas testudinous after 100 days of rearing; mean ± S.D. with ranges in parentheses (Figure in the same row having the same superscript are not significantly different (p>0.05). Figure in the parenthesis indicates the range. # Total number of fishes harvested after 100 days)

The initial length and weight of fish, stocked in the treatment T₁ was 0.75 ± 0.01 cm and 0.50 ± 0.02 g, and treatment T₂ and T₃ were 0.70 ± 0.01 cm and 0.25 ± 0.01 g. It is evident from the data that the individual attained an average size of 15.80 ± 1.46 cm in length and 99.5 ± 4.81 g in weight in treatment T₃, stocking with Vietnami koi, while the fish attained an average size of 15.10 ± 1.66 cm in length and 90.05 ± 5.88 g in weight in T₂ stocking with hormone treated koi and 14.20 ± 1.61 cm in length, 78.25 ± 6.11 g in weight in T₁ with stocking normal koi. The growth in treatment T₂ stocking with hormone treated koi was higher than that of T₁ stocking with normal koi. This is clearly indicated that maximum growth in length and weight was attained in Vietnam koi than that of hormone treated koi (T₂) and normal koi (T₁). But lowest growth was recorded stocking with normal koi in treatment T₁.

The mean productions (kg.ha^-1) of koi fish were 22063.0, 19851.6 and 16381.2 kg in treatment T₃, T₂and T₁, respectively. Production was higher in treatment T₃ and lowest in treatment T₁. However, total production of Koi, A. testudinous differ significantly (p<0.05) among the three treatments (Table 3). On the other hand, cost of production in treatment T₃ was consistently higher than those treatments T₁ and T₂ (Table 4). Highest net benefit (Tk.ha^-1) was also recorded in treatment T₃ (1,43, 5501) followed by T₁ (1,24,9643) and T₂ (57,5449) in that order.

Table 4: Cost and benefits from the culture practice of Koi, Anabas testudinous in 1-ha earthen ponds for a raring period of 100 days (^a1 US$ =Tk. 70.00; BKB= Bangladesh Krishi Bank; Figures with different superscripts in the same row varied significantly (p<0.05). Figures in the parenthesis indicate range. ^bSale price of fishes Tk. 140 kg^-1 (T₁), Tk. 150 kg^-1 & T₂) and Tk. 160 kg^-1 (T₃))

Discussion

The environmental parameters exert an immense influence on the maintenance of a healthy aquatic environment and production of food organisms. Growth, feed efficacy and feed consumption of fish are normally governed by a few environmental factors [19]. The Physicochemical parameters, which included temperature, transparency, pH, oxygen, alkalinity, nitrate-nitrogen, nitrite-nitrogen, phosphate-phosphorus, ammonia-nitrogen and hardness of water, were found to be in suitable range for warm water fish culture [20]. The temperature of the experimental ponds was within the acceptable range for different treatments that agrees well with the findings of Haque et al. [21,22] and Kohinoor et al. [23]. Transparency was comparatively higher in treatment T₃, possibly due to the reduction of the plankton population by developing out let system of water and use of lime [20-22]. A suitable value of pH range was recorded during the period of investigation which is agreed by Dewan et al. [24], Hossain et al. [25], APHA [26], Kohinoor et al. [27] and Chakraborty et al. [28]. The dissolve oxygen in the morning was low down in the ponds of different treatment. Fluctuation of dissolve oxygen concentration in the ponds might be attributed to stop of photosynthetic activity in the night, and fish and other aquatic organisms used buffer stock of oxygen in the whole night. This phenomenon was observed by Boyd [29], Saha et al. [30], and Rahman and Rahman [31]. However the level of dissolve oxygen (DO) is within the acceptable range in all the experimental treatments due to develop water recycling method. pH values agree well with the findings of Kohinoor et al. [23], Rahman and Rahman [31] and Chakraborty [5]. Alkalinity levels indicate productivity of the ponds was medium to high [32]. Higher total alkalinity values might be due to higher amount of lime used during pond preparation and frequent liming during the experimental period [26,29,32]. The total hardness of the experimental ponds was suitable range which was similar to Kohinoor et al. [27]. The suitable range of nitrate-nitrogen and nitrite-nitrogen was recorded in the experimental ponds was more or less similar to these reported by Rahman [10] and Haque et al. [34]. The observed phosphate-phosphorus contents in water of the experimental ponds appeared to be within the acceptable range similar to those reported by Mollah and Haque [35], Rahman et al. [36] and Kohinoor et al. [27]. The tolerable range of ammonia-nitrogen was more or less similar than that reported by Dewan et al. [24], Ahmed [37], Haque et al. [34] and Kohinoor et al. [27].

The quantity of phytoplankton was higher in T₁ treatment where stocking with hormone treated F₁ generation and zooplankton was higher in treatment T₃, where stocking with F₂ generation. The phytoplankton abundances were consistently higher than that of zooplankton. Similar results were also recorded in various food fish rearing ponds [34,38-40]. Higher phytoplankton concentrations in pond water normally indicate higher productivity. But the higher abundance of phytoplankton compared to zooplankton might be due to excess uneaten feed. Because, climbing perch is not plankton feeder.

In this experiment, supplementary feeds are more or less similar to the supplementary feeds supplied for the growth of climbing parches. The crude protein levels (30.0% dry weight) in supplementary feeds were very near the dietary protein of 31% for the optimal growth of Labeo rohita [41]. Growth in terms of length, weight and weight gain of individuals was more or less similar in the different treatments where the stocking density was the same. De Silva and Davy [42] stated that digestibility plays an important role in lowering the FCR value by efficient utilization of food. Digestibility, in turn, depends on daily feeding rate, frequency of feeding, and type of food used [43,44]. However the FCR value in the present study indicates better food utilization efficiency, despite the values increased with applied stocking densities.

Growth in terms of length, weight, weight gain and SGR of Koi, A. testudinous was significantly higher in T₃ where the stocking density was same compared to those of T₁ and T₂ and same food was supplied in all the treatments at an equal ratio, which was agreed by Dan and Little, [45] and Mondal et al. [6]. There was a general decrease in FCR for normal koi than that of the hormone treated and Vietnam koi. Such observation may be related to the fact that FCR decrease with feeding rate and survivality of fish [46]. Vietnam koi increased the SGR and daily weight gain of the fish. Similar values of the individual for Vietnam koi as in the study were also observed by Diana et al. [47]. The FCR values of treatment T₃ was higher than that of T₂ and T₁. Chiu et al. [44] and De Silva and Davy [42] stated that digestibility plays an important role in lowering the FCR value by efficient utilization of food. Digestibility, in turn, depends on daily feeding rate, frequency of feeding, and type of food used. However the FCR values of different treatments indicate better food utilization efficiency, which is agreed by Das and Ray [44], Islam [48] and Islam et al. [49] During the experimental period, ecological factors, pond preparation, feed quality, quality healthy fry and fingerlings and stocking rate was influenced the high percentage of survival rate of fish [50]. It is found that higher survival was recorded in T₃ (Vietnam koi). The higher survival percentage of the Vietnam koi indicates that koi fishes have no adverse effect on the general health of the fish. Under the same feeding regime and stocking density, the variance in growth of A. testudinous between other culture methods may be due to dietary and exploitation differences, and stocked with normal population (T₁) and hormone treated (T₂) koi. Similar results were obtained by Tripathi et al. [51], Haque et al. [22], Kohinoor et al. [23], Rahman and Rahman [30] and Chakraborty et al. [52] for various carp and barb species.

In the present study, a significant higher production (22063.0 ± 104.57 kg.ha.day^-100) was recorded in treatment T₃ than those of treatment T₂ and T₁, respectively. Despite this, consistently higher net benefits (Tk. 1435501 ha.day^-1) were also obtained from treatment T₃ than those of treatment T₂ and T₁. The higher market price of the large size of fish produced in treatment T₃, where stocking with Vietnam Koi, substantially increased the net benefit compared to lower production that produced in other treatments T₂ and T₁. Overall, highest growth, survival, production and benefits were obtained with stocking density of Vietnam Koi where stocking density was 0.247 million.ha^-1. Growth of fish to a greater extent depended on the quality and quantity of food available. In the present investigation, the amount of supplementary feeds was given in different treatments based on the weight of fish stocked and amount of feed provided per fish was kept at the same level. Hence, the observed low growth at same stocking densities could be due to normal koi and hormone treated koi, variations in environmental parameters and developing water recycling method. The results in the present experiment are very similar to those of Saha et al. [30], Kohinoor et al. [23], Hossain [53], Rahman and Rahman [31] and Chakraborty et al. [40,52].

Finally, it can be concluded that the survival, growth and production of A. testudinous were related to the variety of different population of climbing parch stocking in different treatments. Production of adequate quality of Vietnami koi fish through application of present findings might be extremely helpful to meet up the demand of protein as daily ration and monoculture technology of Vietnam koi can be postulated as the ideal method of choice for an eco-socio-economically sustainable koi, A. testudinous culture in Bangladesh. But this monoculture technology is to be run if it is ensured supplying of high variety of Vietnam koi.

Acknowledgement

I wish to thank private hatchery and nursery owners who helped us for successfully conducting the experiments.

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