Journal of Marine Science: Research & Development
Open Access

Water attributes; Sirpur; Cage culture; Conventional method; Agriculture; Drinking water

Introduction

The zenith of the present seems to be getting lost in the darkness of the future, in which the struggle of the fishes is also unforgettable. The rural people here know its usefulness in the traditional way, but are moving away from the livelihood. It will have to be made a means of livelihood of the people, so that people's lives can be easily spent. People will have to gradually depend on it (Castany, G., Marce, A., Margat, J., Moussu, H., Vuillaume, Y., and Evin, J., 1974) [1]. Various federal governments have launched their capacity in this area, but this dam is limited by that capacity. Now it is far away. It supplies the drink as per the need of the people, dividing the adjacent border of two states (Haque MH, 2014) [2].  The water in the dam is born from the forested hills and rivers of Chhattisgarh and is nourished by the anchal of Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh (Islam M S, Murshed S M M, Moniruzzaman M and Baree M A., 2002) [3]. Fish of different species are found in this dam, which are carnivorous, omnivorous and vegetarian.  Which by living in its habitat, is enhancing the beauty of this place (Arur, Anand and Krishanan, P., 2019) [4]. The weather here remains changeable, there is some cold in monsoon and hot environment is seen after monsoon, the potential of this area is so much that it can be used commercially (Rashed MAR, 2018) [5].  Fish farming can be done by using cage color and various new techniques to increase the yield (Islam S, 2010) [6].  Along with fish farming, pilgrimage should be promoted (Toppo N, 2016) [7]. People will get support in fishing in this area from the government, but the BOD and COD in the water here become relatively less during the monsoon, but the monsoon. There is an increase in these after fish farming also causes pollution in water (Fayyadh,A.S.; Hussien,B.M.; Al-Hamdani, M.M.; Salim,S.A.; Mukhlef,H.N and Maher, A.A., 2016) [8]. Fish ranching at Sirpur Reservoir offers a promising avenue for addressing the socio-economic challenges faced by the local community. By providing alternative livelihood opportunities, it can contribute to poverty alleviation and income generation (Jahan H, I Parvez, and ASM Kibria, 2018) [9]. The cultivation of fish can supplement the income of farmers, particularly during the lean agricultural season, enhancing their resilience to economic fluctuations. Moreover, fish ranching has the potential to improve food security by providing a sustainable source of protein for the local population (Dębowski, M.; Zieliński, M.; Kazimierowicz, J.; Kujawska, N.; Talbierz, S., 2020) [10]. Fish is a nutrient-rich food, essential for human health and development, and increasing its availability can contribute to the overall well-being of the community. While fish ranching holds immense promise, it is not without its challenges. Issues such as water quality fluctuations, overfishing, habitat degradation, and the introduction of invasive species can hinder the success of this endeavor (Tacon,A.G.J and Halwart,M., 2007) [11]. Effective management strategies are essential to mitigate these risks and ensure the long-term sustainability of the fish population. On the other hand, fish ranching also presents a host of opportunities (Castany, G., Marce, A., Margat, J., Moussu, H., Vuillaume, Y., & Evin, J., 1974) [12]. Advances in aquaculture technology, coupled with the growing demand for fish products, create a favorable environment for the development of this sector. By adopting sustainable practices and investing in research and development, it is possible to maximize the benefits of fish ranching while minimizing its impact on the environment (Hassan M N, Rahman M M, Hossain M M, Nowsad A A K M and Hossain M B., 2012) [13].

Study Area - It is situated between the (Northing = 21°04'37.8"N; Easting = 80°28'24.2"E) latter two states. 40% of it falls in Chhattisgarh and 60% in Maharashtra. This dam is spread over 32.970 square kilometers, which keeps water throughout the year (Gagan Singh Guru: 14. Islam MR, MM Haque, and MM Rahman, 2017) [14]. Generally, different types of seasons are seen here, which can be divided into four months. Comparatively, the average temperature, rainfall and wind speed here is twenty four degrees Celsius, Two hundred fifty millimeter, twenty kilometers per hour, according to (Haque MH, 2014) [15]. There are no fish farms far and wide in this area, people fish here only according to the weather (Thakur, Ankit., 2018) [16]. They cast nets through which the people here earn their living (Kothari CR, 2004) [17]. The present study has been adjusted for physical and chemical analysis on dam water to determine pre-monsoon and post-monsoon (October 2023 to March 2024) from fish culture point of view (Fayyadh,A.S.; Hussien,B.M.; Al-Hamdani, M.M.; Salim,S.A.; Mukhlef,H.N and Maher,A.A., 2016) [18]. (Figure 1 and Table 1)

Figure 1: Sirpur Reserviour.

Table 1: Fish Found In Sirpur Reserviour.

Materials and Methods

This dam is built on the border with Chhattisgarh towards the west, which passes through the south and moves towards the north-west (Mazid MA, 2002) [19] is no fish ranching in this area. On the basis of the survey, we have taken into account the water Physico - chemical factors (Mabunay, L., 2008) [20].  Work has been done on this such as Temperature, Turbidity, Chlorine, Dissolve Oxygen, Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), Total Dissolve Solid (TDS), Salinity, Conductance etc (Mia MS, F Yeasmin, SM Moniruzzaman, MFH Kafi, MI Miah, and MS Haq, 2015) [21]. We have selected the water from the entry and exit route of the dam as samples, which seems to be collected from the upper surface for sampling (Hossain M Z, 1999) [22]. There are 100 to 150 villages around the dam where construction of ponds is seen extensively (Köppen, W., 1936) [23]. People are inclined towards fish farming in a timely and traditional manner (Mischke CC, 2012) [24]. These monitoring points are protected according to the use of (Global Positioning System) GPS (Yi Y, Phuong DR, Phu TQ, Lin CK, Diana S., 2004) [25]. It is tested by the Maharashtra government for drinking purpose for big cities, We are done according to (APHA1998) [26] and (Mischke CC, 2012) [27] (Table 2).

Table 2: Physico – Chemical parameter analysis of fish ranching in Sirpur Reserviour.

Result and Discussion

According to Table 2, its temperature keeps changing according to the weather.  During the study, its temperature was low during monsoon which was 22°C, 25°C, 23°C from October to December, After monsoon the temperature increases, from January to March it is - 24°C, 28°C, 34°C which is beneficial for the fish from the point of view of adaptation.  In the months of October and January, turbidity increases to 0.19 NTU and 0.18 NTU, but in November, December, February and March, turbidity becomes normal to 0.12 NTU, 0.16 NTU, 0.10 NTU, 0.11 NTU, as a result of which turbidity is seen in the water. Total dissolved solids are very less during monsoon 200 ppm, 250ppm, 300ppm but after monsoon it increases relatively to 260ppm, 310ppm, 410ppm. Its quantity increases in the months of October and December to 30 mg/litre., 33.5mg/litr but after the end of monsoon, a change is seen in it, from January to March, 32.2mg/litr to 26.6 mg/litr Dissolved Oxygen is seen in the month of October to December, 7mg/litr, 9mg/litr but From January to March, its quantity increases to 10 mg/litre, 18mg/litre due to which the transpiration of water decreases. The amount of chemical oxygen demand in the water here is not normal, which is 6.9mg/litre at the beginning of monsoon.  litr to 6.6mg/litr. After monsoon, 4.5 mg/litr to 3.2 mg/litr is used. On this, the increase in salinity factor is more. After monsoon, 10 mg/litr to 12.2 mg/litr which is suitable for some fishes.  It can be harmful but it is seen so widely in this place that it does not have much impact (FAO, 2016) but it will have to be reduced for commercial fish ranching.

Observation

When after complete assessment in Sirpur Dam it is found that there is a decline in the productivity of fish during monsoon due to increase in TDS, chlorine content and weather also does not remain stable due to which is Catla, Mrigal, Pangas, Khokshi, Kotri,Patola etc.many fish die. Due to this, some fish species like - But on the other hand, as soon as the monsoon goes, there is an increase in the productivity of fishes because at this time their condition becomes more clean due to which the fishes get adequate adaptation and also get adequate nutrition (Banjare, Gokul Ram  and Sahu, Bharat Lal, 2019). Fish ranching at Sirpur Reservoir has the potential to fulfill multiple purposes, contributing to food security, income generation, and environmental sustainability (Mabunay, L., 2008) [28]. However, careful planning and management are necessary to address potential challenges and ensure the long-term viability of this practice (Mabunay, L., 2008) [29]. By promoting responsible aquaculture practices and balancing various needs, fish ranching at Sirpur can be a valuable asset for the local community and environment (Quddus M A, Rahman M S and Moniruzzaman M., 2000) [30] (Figure 2, Figure 3, Figure 4 and Figure 5).

Figure 2: Fishes present in the reservoir.

Figure 3: Data for fish abundance in Sirpur Reservoir.

Figure 4: Data for Physico – Chemical analysis for sample water.

Figure 5: Values for Concentration, Optical Density etc.

Conclusion

The above data shows that there is no contaminant in the water of this dam which can pollute the water. The salinity in this area has to be reduced and the fish species in the stocked area have to be conserved and produced on a large scale. This can be done in a convenient way due to which the polluting elements will also be removed. At present this water is not very bad but considering the near future, it is necessary to conserve these fishes which are listed in IUCN so that the productivity can increase. Can increase and can support people's livelihood. Fish ranching can significantly increase fish production in the reservoir. Stocking the reservoir with commercially valuable fish species can provide a reliable source of income for local fishermen and contribute to food security in the region. Careful selection of fish species that thrive in the reservoir's specific conditions and responsible stocking practices are crucial for long-term sustainability. This can empower local communities, particularly those dependent on traditional fishing practices, and provide a stable source of income. Training programs in sustainable fish ranching techniques can further enhance the skills and knowledge of local fishers. Fish play a vital role in maintaining a healthy aquatic ecosystem. Stocking the reservoir with native fish species that have a balanced predator-prey relationship can help control invasive species and maintain biodiversity. Additionally, fish can contribute to improved water quality by consuming algae and other organic matter.

Acknowledgement

I would like to thank Dr. Sanjay Thiske and Assistant Professor Karuna Rawte for providing sufficient data on their sites and express my gratitude to Laboratory of Department of Zoology, Govt. Digvijay Autonomous P. G. College, Rajnandgaon (C.G.).

1. Dębowski M, Zieliński M, Kazimierowicz J, Kujawska N, Talbierz S (2020) Microalgae Cultivation Technologies as an Opportunity for Bioenergetic System Development-Advantages and Limitations.Sustainability12: 9980.

Google Scholar, Crossref

2. Haque MH (2014) Use of Communication Media by the Farmers Regarding Fish Farming. MS (AEIS) Thesis Department of Agricultural Extension and Information System Sher-E-Bangla Agricultural University Dhaka.

Google Scholar

3. Islam MS, Murshed SMM, Moniruzzaman M, Baree MA (2002) “Rice-cum Fish Farming in Selected Areas of Mymensingh District”.Online J Biol Sci 2: 715-718.

Google Scholar

4. Arur A, Krishanan P (2019) Assessing the water spread area available for fish culture and fish production potential in inland lentic water bodies using remote sensing: A case study from Chhattisgarh State, India. Remote Sensing Applications: Society and Environment 17.

Google Scholar

5. Rashed MAR (2018) Use of Best Management Practices (BMPs) by the Farmers of Savar Upazila of Bangladesh. MS Thesis Department of Agricultural Extension and Information System SherE-Bangla Agricultural University Dhaka.

Google Scholar

6. Islam S (2010) Use of Selected Polyculture Practices by the fish Farmers of Melandaha Upazila under Jamalpur Districts. MS Thesis Department of Agricultural Extension Education Bangladesh Agricultural University Mymensingh Bangladesh.

Google Scholar

7. Toppo N (2016) Quality Assessment of Some Farm Made Fish Feeds of Muktagacha and Phulpur upazila in Mymensingh district. MS Thesis, Department of Aquaculture, Bangladesh Agricultural University Mymensingh Bangladesh.

Google Scholar

8. FAO (2016) Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture: Contributing to food security and nutrition for all Rome 200 pp ISBN 978-92-5-109185-2.

Google Scholar

9. Jahan H, Parvez I, Kibria ASM (2018) Current Aquaculture Practices in Dinajpur District: Special Emphasis on Fish Feeds. International Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Research 3: 35-42.

Google Scholar

10. Tacon AGJ, Halwart M (2007) Cage aquaculture: a global overview. In: Cage aquaculture - Regional reviews and global overview. FAO Fisheries Technical Paper No 498.

Google Scholar

11. Castany G, Marce A, Margat J, Moussu H, Vuillaume Y (1974)An environmental isotope study of the groundwater regime in large aquifers. International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA): IAEA. ISSN 0074-1884.

sGoogle Scholar

12. Hassan MN, Rahman MM, Hossain MM, Nowsad AAKM, Hossain MB (2012) “Post-Harvest Handling and Marketing of Shrimp and Prawn in South-Western Region of Bangladesh”, World Journal of Fish and Marine Sciences 4: 651-656.

Google Scholar

13. Gagan Singh Guru: 14. Islam MR, Haque MM, Rahman MM (2017) Strength and Weakness of Existing Traceability System of Seafood Production in Bangladesh. Progressive Agriculture 28: 160-162.

Google Scholar

14. Haque MH (2014) Use of Communication Media by the Farmers Regarding Fish Farming. MS (AEIS) Thesis Department of Agricultural Extension and Information System Sher-E-Bangla Agricultural University Dhaka.

Google Scholar

15. Thakur, Ankit (2018) Assessment of status of the fishery cooperatives, SHGs and fishermen groups in Baster of Chhattisgarh P-ISSN: 2349-8234

Google Scholar

16. Kothari CR (2004) Research Methodology: Methods and Techniques (2nd. ed.) New Age International (p) Limited.

Google Scholar

17. Fayyadh AS, Hussien BM, Al-Hamdani MM, Salim SA, Mukhlef HN, et al. (2016) Hydrologic System of Euphrates River (Spatial Analysis) between Al-Qaem and Falluja. Iraqi Bulletin of Geology and Mining 2: 1-12.

Google Scholar

18. Mazid MA (2002) Development of Fisheries in Bangladesh, Plan and Strategies for Income Generation and Poverty Alleviation.

Google Scholar

19. Mabunay L (2008) “Gender Roles in Women’s Lives: A Study of Fishing Households in a Central Philippine Community”, PhD Dissertation McGill University Montreal Canada.

Google Scholar

20. Mia MS, Yeasmin F, Moniruzzaman SM, Kafi MFH, Miah MI, et al. (2015) Socio-economic Condition of the Fishers‟ Community of Meghna River of Ashuganj upazila in Brahmanbaria district, Bangladesh. International Journal of Natural and Social Sciences 2: 42-47.

Google Scholar

21. Hossain MZ (1999) “A Socio-economic Study of Pond Fish Production in Some Selected Areas in Noakhali District”, MS Thesis Department of Fisheries Management, Bangladesh Agricultural University Mymensingh.

Google Scholar

22. Köppen W (1936) Das geographische System der Klimate. Handbuch der Klimatologie (ed. by W. Köppen and R. Geiger) Vol 1 Part.

Google Scholar

23. Mischke CC (2012) Aquaculture Pond Fertilization: Impacts of Nutrient Input on Production. Wiley Blackwell Ames IA USA.

Google Scholar

24. Yi Y, Phuong DR, Phu TQ, Lin CK, Diana S, et al. (2004) Environmental Impacts of cage culture for Catfish in Hongngu, Vietnam. Twenty-First Annual Report Aquaculture CRSP Oregon State University Corvallis Oregon 157-168.

Google Scholar

25. APHA (1998) Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. 20th Edition, American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association and Water Environmental Federation, Washington DC.

Google Scholar

26. Mohan CV (2007) Seed Quality in Freshwater Fish Production. FAO Fisheries Technical Paper 499-517.

Google Scholar

27. Banjare, Gokul Ram S, Bharat Lal (2019) Fluoride Contamination of Groundwater and Toxicities in Dongargaon Block, Chhattisgarh, India. Exposure and Health 9: 143:156.

Google Scholar

28. Machina H.Namonje-Kapembwa T, Kasoma AC (2018). Youth Employment in Zambia: What Opportunities Does Agriculture Offer? Indaba Agricultural Policy Research Institute (IAPRI) Lusaka Zambia.

Google Scholar

29. Machina H.Namonje-Kapembwa T, Kasoma AC (2018). Youth Employment in Zambia: What Opportunities Does Agriculture Offer? Indaba Agricultural Policy Research Institute (IAPRI) Lusaka Zambia.

Google Scholar

30. Quddus MA, Rahman MS, Moniruzzaman M (2000) “Socio-economic Conditions of the pond owners of Demra, Dhaka”, Bangladesh J Fish 4: 203-207.

Google Scholar