Ethnomedicinal uses of Ethiopian Traditional Medicinal Plants used to manage some of Human Helminthic and Parasitic Disease: A Review
Received: 25-Jan-2022 / Manuscript No. jham-22-52431 / Editor assigned: 27-Jan-2022 / PreQC No. jham-22-52431(PQ) / Reviewed: 09-Feb-2021 / QC No. jham-22-52431 / Revised: 14-Feb-2022 / Manuscript No. jham-22-52431 (R) / Accepted Date: 18-Feb-2022 / Published Date: 21-Feb-2022 DOI: 10.4172/2573-4555.1000306
Abstract
Background: Human Helminthic and parasitic infection are caused by soil-transmitted infection, neglected tropical disease, and Onchocerciasis. There are various ways of transmission for helminthic infection into a human host such as Ingestion of infective stage through faecal route, vector assisted transmission, direct skin penetration, congenital and contact of vector faecal with penetrated skin are the most common. 80% of the Ethiopian population has utilized traditional medicine as a primary choice of health care. The main aim of this review was to show Ethiopian medicinal plants used to manage helminthic and parasitic infections of humans.
Methods: Published article reviewed from databases search from Google scholar, science direct, Scopus, and pub med. The English language was applied for finding out published articles from the database by using the following terms anti-parasitic, anthelmintic, antimalarial, anti schistosomal, anti-intestinal warm, and Ethiopian medicinal plants. The tabular and diagrammatic presentation was used for clarifying and displaying findings from this reviewed study.
Results: In this presented study 343 medicinal plants were clarified for application of different human helminthic and parasitic infections. Having this leaf (24.27%) was the majority of plant parts used to treat the helminthic and parasitic infection when the diseases are encountered in the human host. Herbal remedies prepared with the aid of water accounted (38.50%), tea and coffee (10.40%), and decoction(10%) are mostly presented the way of plant preparation mentioned in the reviewed article.
Conclusion: Ethiopian population has higher experience in terms of utilization of traditional medicine as a primary choice of treatments. Fortunately, in this review, we try to present this community's experiences regarding human Helminthic and parasitic diseases. Therefore, it is an over-emphasized for the researcher to conduct a wide range of research on safety and efficacy on the traditionally claimed herbs with giving attention to certain human helminthic and parasitic diseases that already develop drug resistance.
Keywords: Anthelmintic; Antiparasitic; Medicinal plants; Helminthic; Parasitic disease
Keywords
Anthelmintic; Antiparasitic; Medicinal plants; Helminthic; Parasitic disease
Introduction
Helminths live as parasites or free from the host in aquatic and terrestrial environments. There are several types; the most common in the world are intestinal nematodes or soil-borne worms (STH), Neglected tropical disease (NTD) including Schistosoma (a parasite of schistosomiasis), Leishmaniasis, Lymphatic filariasis (Elephantiasis), and onchocerciasis (river blindness) [1].
Different parasitic worm species cause helminth infections to spread through the soil (STH). Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura (whipworms), hookworms, and taeniasis are the most common dominated soil-transmitted helminthic infection. They're spread by eggs found in human faeces, which pollute soil in regions with inadequate sanitation. Children that have been infected are malnourished and physically weak [2]. According to the 2021 WHO Report; 1.5 billion individuals globally are affected by soil-transmitted helmentic infection [3].
Schistosomiasis is a parasitic disease caused by trematode worms of the Schistosoma genus, and it is one of the world's most neglected tropical diseases. It’s Endemic in 70 developing countries; According to global estimates, at least 236.6 million people needed preventative care in 2019. Schistosoma mansoni is found in Africa, the Middle East, the Caribbean, Brazil, and Venezuela. Schistosoma haematobium has been found in Africa and the Middle East. Schistosoma Japonicum is only found in China, Indonesia, and the Philippines [4].
Leishmaniasis is another dominant neglected tropical disease caused by a group of protozoan parasites such as visceral leishmaniasis (VL, also known as kala-azar), post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL), cutaneous Leishmaniasis (CL), and mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis [5]. Globally around 700,000 to 1 million new cases are reported annually. According to the WHO's global leishmaniasis surveillance in 2020, 98 (49 percent) of the 200 nations and territories that reported to WHO were endemic, with 6 having previously reported cases of leishmaniasis. Of the 200, 89 (45%) were CL endemic, 3 (2%) had previously reported CL cases, 79 (40%) were VL endemic, and 5 (3%) had previously reported VL cases [6].
Lymphatic filariasis (LF) is a preventable, severe, and disfiguring disease caused by infectious parasites called Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi and Brugia timori [7]. The 2020 WHO progress report on a global program to eliminate lymphatic filariasis indicated that filariasis 51.4 million people are estimated to be infected [8].
Onchocerciasis is a parasitic disease caused by Onchocerca volvulus and it’s a causative agent of river blindness. These parasites particularly affect the skin (subcutaneous tissue) and eyes leading to blindness in a minority of infected persons [10]. The 2017 Global Disease Burden Survey estimates that 20.9 million O. volvulus infections are widespread worldwide. 14.6 million Infected people suffered from skin disease and 1.15 million suffered from vision loss [10]. Human African trypanosomiasis or sleeping sickness is the last neglected tropical disease caused by trypanosome parasites transmitted by tsetse flies in subSaharan Africa. Two subspecies of Trypanosoma brucei cause illness: Trypanosoma brucei gambiense in West and Central Africa, and Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense in East Africa [11]. Maintained control endeavours have decreased the number of new cases. In 2009 the number detailed dropped underneath 10 000 for the primary time in 50 years, and in 2019 there were 992 cases recorded globally [12].
Transmission of helminthic and protozoan infection
Regarding the transmission of parasitic and helminthic disease, there is broad range that takes place for Soil-Transmitted Helminthic, protozoan parasites, and neglected tropical diseases. Therefore infected food, water, and feco-oral transmission through swallowing of the parasitic infective stage through the mouth for ascariasis, wipe warm and hook warms. Having that parasites use intermediate vector host as biological (for completing their life cycle and transmission to the host) and for mechanical (only transmission of the parasites). Malaria Leishmania and Trypanosomiasis are grouped under this parasitic disease mainly transmitted with the aid of female anopheles mosquito, sand, and tsetse flies.
General overview of anti-parasitic drugs
Parasitic chemotherapies it has effectively treated and prevented most parasitic infections. Some drugs have adverse side effects and develop drug resistances on parasites and the community. Although some sort of expensiveness will show on most anti-parasitic drugs in a developing country. Having that most of the anti-parasitic drugs demand prolonged and parenteral route of administration and also they may be effective in disease state [13]. The challenges facing antiparasitic drugs are; parasites are eukaryotic organism which is similar to the human host. Thus, therapeutics under this group of drugs are more effective in prokaryotic bacterial pathogens with higher selective toxicity than parasitic organisms [14].
Furthermore, the chronic stage of infection, the complex life cycle, different parasitic stages, limited choices of therapeutic for some single parasitic species, and development of drug resistance on certain parasitic disease and unproven utilization and application of medicinal plants as empirical treatments added into challenges of effective chemotherapeutic intervention [15]. The existence of multiple infectious diseases, gather possibility of reinfection, malnutrition, and HIV infection leading to immune-incompetency, poverty, and poor sanitation which enhance the transmission of the parasites are additional complicating factors in developing countries. Whereas the global strategies to prevent and treat the parasitic disease include scaling up of hygiene and sanitation, controlling of biological and mechanical vectors, application of vaccination, prophylactic and chemotherapies, and development of safe, effective with less cost anti-parasitic drugs though research and development are still overemphasized [16].
The pharmacological mechanism of antiparasitic drugs
Parasites are eukaryotic organisms and more similar to human hosts; phenomena like Carbohydrate metabolism, nucleic acid synthesis, and neuromuscular function are shared by the parasites and the human host. For this reason, there is a challenge to developing the safe and effective anti-parasitic drug with the aid of biochemical differences between parasites and human hosts [17]. Fortunately, based upon our understanding and knowledge we recognized potential parasitic specific targets for chemotherapy of the parasites and genomic effort on protozoan parasites to identify potential drug targets for higher throughput screening [18].
| Plant Name | Family | Local Name | Part Used | Preparation | Treating Helminthic Disease | References | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dodonaea angustifolia | Sapindaceae | Kitkita | Leaf | Prepared with salt and then taken orally | Tape Worm | Yirga G, Zeraburk S [23] | ||
| Myrsine africana | Myrsinaceae | kechemo | Seed | prepared with in jera orally | Tape Warm | Yirga G, Zeraburk S [23] | ||
| Hagenia abyssinica | Rosaceae | Koso | Leaf | Prepared with water and oral administration | Tape Warm | Yirga G, Zeraburk S [23] | ||
|
Solanaceae | Astenagir | Leaf | Rubbing and pain | Ring Worm | Mekuanent, et al. [24] | ||
| Desmodium gangeticum (L) DC | Fabaceae | Ye Gint Med Hanit |
Root | Grinding the root and giving with swallowed | Avoiding Cattle Worm | Mekuanent, et al. [24] | ||
| Embeliaschimperi Vatke | Myrsinaceae | Enkoko | Fruit | Crashed and drinking 1 cup juice | Tape Warm | Mekuanent, et al. [24] | ||
| Justicia schimperiana (Hochst.ex A. Nees) T.Anders |
Acanthaceae | Dummiuggae | Leaf | Pounded fresh/dry leaves is concocted with bark of Croton macrostachyus is taken orally forthree days. | Intestinal Parasites | Mesfin, et al. [25] | ||
| Carduus leptacanthus Fresen | Asteraceae | Guccino | Stem | Powdered dry stem mixed with butter is taken with coffee or tea | Ascariasis | Mesfin, et al. [25] | ||
| Lepidium sativum L | Brassicaceae | Feaxxo | Seed | Dry seed powder is taken as with coffee as drink | Intestinal Parasites | Mesfin, et al. [25] | ||
| Carica papaya L | Caricaceae | Papaya | Seed | Chew and swallow seed | Intestinal Parasites | Mesfin, et al. [25] | ||
| Croton macrostachyus Del | Euphorbiaceae | Bissano | Exudates | Rubbing affected part by exudates of old leaves | Ring Worm | Mesfin, et al. [25] | ||
| Euphorbia candelabrum Kostshy | Euphorbiaceae | Addama | Latex | Milky latex from plant mixed with roots powder of Ruta chalepensis and paste applied to affected area | Ring Worm | Mesfin, et al. [25] | ||
| Ficus ovata Vahl |
Moraceae | Shollae | Fruits | powder of dry fruits mixed with butter is applied after scratching the affected area | Ring Worm | Mesfin, et al. [25] | ||
| Ensete ventricosum (Welw) Cheesman | Musaceae | Warqo | Root | Crushed/pounded fresh root with water is taken orally | Amoebic Dysentery | Mesfin, et al. [25] | ||
| Caylusea abyssinica (Fresen) Fish& Mey | Resedaceae | Sheggitae | Root | Crushed/pounded fresh/dry root water is taken orally | Ascariasis | Mesfin, et al. [25] | ||
| Hagenia abyssinica (Brucie) J FGmel | Rosaceae | Kossae | Mix the powder with honey and a little bit of water and then boil and drink before breakfast for five days | Ascariasis | Mesfin, et al. [25] | |||
| Prunus africana (Hook.F) Kalkam | Rosaceae | T/Kaka | Root | Crushed/pounded dry root bark mixed with water is taken as a drink | Ascariasis | Mesfin, et al. [25] | ||
| Capsicum annuum L | Solanaceae | Miximixo | Fruits | Chew and swallow fresh/dry fruits | Ascariasis | Mesfin, et al. [25] | ||
| Euphorbia abbyssinica JF Gmel | Euphorbaceae | Adaamii | Bark | Bark decoction is taken | Gastro-Intestinal, Ascaris, Gonohhorea |
Abera [26] | ||
| Taverniera abyssinica A. Rich |
Fabaceae | Dingatanya | Root | root is tooting with teal | Internal Parasite | Abera [26] | ||
| Glinus lotoides L |
Muluginaceae | Mataharree | Leafy Stem | Leafy-stem of G lotoides is crused, powdered and liquefied and taking orally. |
Intestinal Parasite | Abera [26] | ||
| Securidica longipedunculata Fresen |
Polygalaceae | Etsamanaay (Amharic) |
Root | Root is pounded and mixed with H2O | Intestinal Parasite | Abera [26] | ||
| Vernonia amygdalina Del | Asteraceae | Dhebicha | Leaf | Drinking the decocted leaves with 1 cup of coffee for elders and half for children |
Intestinal Worm | Jima, Megersa [27] |
||
| Carica papaya L | Caricaceae | Papaayee | Seed | Seeds ground and boiled with coffee and taken with honey |
Ascariasis | Jima, Megersa [27] |
||
| Jatropha curcas L | Euphorbiaceae | Abatamuluk | Root | Root is crushed and drink with half cup of coffee |
Intestinal Worm | Jima, Megersa [27] |
||
| Ricinus communis L | Euphorbiaceae | Qobboo | Root, Seed | Roots and seeds are crushed and drink with 1 cup of water |
Intestinal Worm | Jima, Megersa [27] |
||
| Solanum americanum Mill | Solanaceae | Mujulo | Leaf | The dried leaf is crushed | Intestinal Worm | Jima, Megersa [27] |
||
| Gnidia stenophylla Gilg |
Trymalaceae | Katarichaa | Root | The dried roots are crushed and mixed with water then taken for 2 days |
Intestinal Worm | Jima, Megersa [27] |
||
| Carica papaya L | Caricaceae | Papaye | Seed | The seeds are dried and eaten | Ascaries | Etana B [28] | ||
| Caylusea abyssinica (Fresen) Fisch, Mey |
Resedaceae | Aranci | Root | Eaten with roasted barley | Intestinal Parasite |
Etana B [28] | ||
| Celosia trigyna L | Amaranthaceae | Dagiso | Root | Squeezed and drunk 1 glass cup or eaten with roasted barley. | Tape Worm | Etana B [28] | ||
| Colocasia esculenta (L) Schott |
Araceae | Godare | Root | Cooked and eaten | Ascaries | Etana B [28] | ||
| Croton macrostachyus Del |
Euphorbiaceae | Makanisaa | Stem | Cooked with teff flour and eaten from 3- 5spoon. | Ascaries | Etana B [28] | ||
| Cucurbita pepo | Cucurbitaceae | Buqee/Dubaa | Seed | Roasted and eaten | Tape Worm | Etana B [28] | ||
| Hagenia abyssinica (Brace) J F Gmel |
Rosaceae | Koso | Seed | Crushed and drunk with local drink 'tella' | Tape Worm | Etana B [28] | ||
| Trichilia dregeana Sond | Meliaceae | Anunu | Stem | Dried, powdered & eaten with raw meat from 3-5 times | Intestinal Parasite |
Etana B [28] | ||
| Crateva adansonii Dc |
Capparidaceae | Qollaadii | Root | Root of Crateva adansonii is pounded with root of Ruta chalepensis Three spoons are used as a drink |
Intestinal Worms |
Amenu E [29] | ||
| Echinops kerebicho Mesfin |
Asteraceae | Qarabicho | Root | Root of Echinops kerebicho is dried powdered and mixed with water. Half of tea cup is given to human | Internal Parasite |
Amenu E [29] | ||
| Embelia schimperi Vatke | Myrsinaceae | Haanquu | Seed | Seed of Embelia schimperi is dried and powdered, mixed with water, two glasses is taken once. | Tape Worm |
Amenu E [29] | ||
| Embelia schimperi Oral Vatke |
Myrsinaceae | Haanquu | Leaf | Leaf and seed of Embelia schimperi and leaf of Croton macrostchys are pounded together and one glass is taken by human. |
Internal Parasite |
Amenu E [29] | ||
| Euphorbia lathryis L |
Euphorbiaceae | Hadaamii | Stem | 2-3 drop of Euphorbia lathris sap is backed with teff and given to human | Ascaries (Maagaa |
Amenu E [29] | ||
| Indiigofera tinctoria L Dermal |
Fabaceae | Qoricha Dingetenya |
Root | Root of Indiigofera tinctoria chopped and mixed with salt and given to cattle. | Internal Prasites |
Amenu E [29] | ||
| Justica schimperiana (Hochst ex Nees) T. Andres |
Acanthaceae | Dhumuugaa | Leaf | Pounded leaf of Justica Schimperian is added to barely malt powdered. Three four glass of telle given to cattle, horse and donkey | Internal Parasites |
Amenu E [29] | ||
| Nicotiana tabacum L |
Solanaceae | Tamboo Nyaata |
Leaf | Leaf of Nicotiana tabacum is pounded with root of Carissa spinarum and mixed with water. A cup of tella given to calf. |
Internal Parasites |
Amenu E [29] | ||
| Syzygium guineense (Willd)Dc |
Myrtaceae | Baddessa | Bark | Bark of Syzygium guineense and exudates of Aloe pubescens concoction is made. 2-3 cup of coffee istaken by human. | Internal Parasite |
Amenu E [29] | ||
| Embelia schimperi Vatke | Myrsinaceae | Enqoqo | Fruit | Crashed and drinking 1 cup juice | Tape Worm | Zerabruk, S, Yirga [30] | ||
| Dodonaea angustifolia Linn | Sapindaceae | Ketketa | Leaf | Crashed and mix with water; drinking orally | Tape Worm | Zerabruk, S, Yirga [30] | ||
| Cicer arietinum | Fabaceae | Shenbere | Seed | The seed of Cicer arietinum with root of Kalanchoe petitiana is boiled, filtered anddrunk the solution and seed of Cicer arietinum is eaten | Ascariasis | Abebe E [31] | ||
| Cirsium englerianum |
Asteraceae | Kusheshele | Root | The root of Cirsium englerianum is pounded,powdered, mixed with water and drunk |
Ascariasis | Abebe E [31] | ||
| Croton macrostachyus |
Euphorbiaceae | Bisana | Bark | The 1/3 bark of Croton macrostachyus is crushed,powdered, mixed with Cicer arietinum powdered, water and backed than eaten before any food for 3 days | Ascariasis | Abebe E [31] | ||
| Dovyalis abyssinica |
Flacourtiaceae | Koshime | Fruit | Its fruit is eaten as food for the case of intestinal parasite before break fast every morning | Intestinal Parasites |
Abebe E [31] | ||
| Hagenia abyssinica |
Rosaceae | Kosso | Seed | The seed of Hagenia abyssinica is crushed, powdered mixedwith milk and boiled and drinkfor 5 days | Tape Worm | Abebe E [31] | ||
| Kalanchoe petitiana |
Euphorbiaceae | Endawula | Root | The root of Kalanchoe petitiana with seed of Cicer arietinum isboiled, filtered and drunk andseed of Cicer arietinum is eaten | Ascariasis | Abebe E [31] | ||
| Rosa abyssinica | Rosaceae | Kego | Seed | The raw seed of Rosa abyssinica is eaten | Ascariasis And Stomachache |
Abebe E [31] | ||
| Rumex nepalensis | Polygonaceae | Yewusha Lut | Root | The root of Rumex nepalensis is dig by using sliver ring and pounded, squeezed, added little water and then drunk before food and Friday | Ascariasis | Abebe E [31] | ||
| Euphorbia ampliphylla | Euphorbiaceae | Qulquale | Sap/Latex | The drop of latex is collected, mixed with “teff” powdered or honey and backed and then eaten before any food | Stomach Problem And Ascariasis |
Abebe E [31] | ||
| Otostegia integrifolia |
Lamiaceae | Tungut | Leaf | The leaf of Otostegia integrifolia is pounded,powdered, mixed with milk and boiled and then drunk is cooled |
Ascariasis | Abebe E [31] | ||
| Echinops kebericho | Asteraceae | Kabar Icho | Root | Powdering with seed of Lipidium sativum and Brassica nigra eating during meal | Worms, Ascaries | Ayana [32] | ||
| Brassica carinata A.Br. | Brassicac Eae | Gome Nze | Seed | Pounding the seed of with Linumusitatissimum bulbs of Allium sativum and rhizobium of Zingiber officinale then eating. | Ameoba ,Malaria, Worms | Ayana [32] | ||
| Cocinia abyssinica | Cucurbita Pepo L | Buqe | Seed | Roasting powdering and giving | Ascaries | Ayana [32] | ||
| Croton macrostachy us. Del. | Euphorbac Eae | Makani Sa | Tip Part | Crushing odd tips then drunk few | Ascaries | Ayana [32] | ||
| Vigna sp | Fabaceae | Ab Dus Alib | Root | Pounding then adding one spoon to tea or coffee then drunk one cup once. | Worms | Ayana [32] | ||
| Ximenia americana L | Olacacea E | Hudh Ae | Root | Pounding mix with honey eating, two spoon every morning until healed. | Worms,In Ternal Pain, Qora | Ayana [32] | ||
| Hagenia abyssinica (Bruce ) JF Gmel | Rosaceae | Ducha /Koso. | Fruit | Crushing with tips of croto macrostachyus then add water drunk one glass. | Tape Worms | Ayana [32] | ||
| Clematis simensis Fresen | Ranunculaceae | azohareg | Root | Leaves are crushed, filtered and drinking and applied on the affected part using cotton though dermal | Intestinal Parasite and leshemanieasis |
Alemayehu G [33] | ||
| Rumex abyssinicus Jacq | Polygonaceae | Dhangagoo | Root | Dry roots are grounded, boiled in water and drunk with tea for three days | Ascariasis | Alemayehu G [33] | ||
| Aloe sp | Aloaceae | Argissa | Leaf Latex | Fresh leaf latex taken orally | Internal Parasites |
Tamene S [34] | ||
| Arundo donax L | Poaceae | Lemicho | Leaf | Dry leaves crushed and pounded with water, and then drunk in the morning Dry leaves crushed and pounded and then parted on the wound |
Intestinal Parasites Wound |
Tamene S [34] | ||
| Carica papaya L | Caricaceae | Papaya | Leaf | Fresh leaves are boiled with water and cooled then drunk in the morning | Intestinal Parasites |
Tamene S [34] | ||
| Cucurbita pepo L | Cucurbitaceae | Baqula | Seeds | Dry seeds are cocked and eaten in the morning. | Tape Worm And Ascaries |
Tamene S [34] | ||
| Euphorbia ampliphylla Pox | Euphorbiaceae | Care | Latex | Latex mixed with butter taken orally | Intestinal Parasites |
Tamene S [34] | ||
| Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl | Cucurbitaceae | Surupha | Seeds | Dry seeds pounded with water, and then drunk two times a day | Intestinal Parasites |
Tamene S [34] | ||
| Leucas tomentosa Gurke |
Lamiaceae | Balbalato | Leaf | Fresh leaves mixed with Ocimum urticifolium chewed and swallowed in the morning | Intestinal Parasites |
Tamene S [34] | ||
| Melia azedarach Forssk |
Meliaceae | Kiniin | Root | Chewing and swallowing the juice of fresh root | Intestinal Parasites |
Tamene S [34] | ||
| Momordica boivinii Baill | Cucurbitaceae | Kiree | Leaf | Fresh leafs crushed, pounded and filtered, then mixed with goat milk and drunk in the morning | Intestinal Parasites |
Tamene S [34] | ||
| Olea europea subsp Cuspidat a (Wall ex G Don) Cif |
Oleaceae | Ejerssa | Leaf | Fresh leaves boiled and the infusion drunk in the morning | Intestinal Parasites |
Tamene S [34] | ||
| Rumex abyssinicus Jacq. | Polygonaceae | Shishone | Root | Fresh roots pounded and boiled and then mixed with milk and drunk in the morning for two days | Amoeba Intestinal Parasites |
Tamene S [34] | ||
| Solanum incanum L | Solanaceae | Borbodho | Root | Fresh root chewed and swallowed | Intestinal Parasites |
Tamene S [34] | ||
| Solanum nigrum L | Solanaceae | Xunayee | Leaf | Fresh leaves cocked and eaten as vegetables | Intestinal Parasites |
Tamene S [34] | ||
| Brucea Antidysentrica JF Mill |
Simarou Baceae |
Qomany O |
Leaf | Crushed with Leaves of Bersema abyssinica and cooked With porridge and given for children | Ascaris | MegersaM [35] | ||
| Calpurnia aurea (Ait) Benth |
Fabaceae | Ceekaa | Leaf | 9 juvenile leaves of Calpurnia aurea 9 leaves of Senna occidentalis and 9 juvenile leaves of Clausena anisata smashed and the extracts taken. One cup of tea is given for man and half cup for Children |
Ascaris | MegersaM [35] | ||
| Carica papaya L | Caricacea E |
Paappaay Yaa |
Seed | Seed chewed and swallowed | Intestinal Parasite |
MegersaM [35] | ||
| Catha edulis (Vahl) Forssk ex Endl |
Celactraceae | Chate | Leaf | Crashed, boiled in water and the solution drun | Intestinal Parasite |
Alemayehu, et al. [36] | ||
| Osyris quadripartita |
Santalaceae | Keret | Leaf | Powdered, mixed in water | Intestinal Parasite |
Alemayehu, et al. [36] | ||
| Croton macrostachyus | Euphorbiaceae | Mokkoniisaa | Bark | Crushing the bark, boiling it and giving one coffee cup for humans and one water glass for livestock to eradicate tapeworm. | Tapeworm | Alemayehu, et al. [36] | ||
| Embelia schimperi | Myrsinaceae | Haanquu | Seed | Crushing the seeds, making s/n and drinking/ giving one water glass. | Tapeworm | Ashagre, et al. [37] | ||
| Hagenia abyssinica | Rosaceae | Heexo | Seed | Crushing the seeds, making s/n and giving one water glass for adult humans | Tapeworm | Ashagre, et al. [37] | ||
| Haplocoelum foliolosum | Sapindaceae | Canaa | Seed | Chewing a handful of ripened seeds and swallowing it. | Ascaris (Maagaa) | Ashagre, et al. [37] | ||
| Catha edulis (Vahl) Forssk ex Endl |
Celactraceae | Chate | Leaf, Bark | Decoction | Anthelmatic | Wabe, et al. [38] | ||
| Embelia schimperi | Myrsinaceae | Enkoko | Fruit | Drinking Concoction | Taenicide | Wabe, et al. [38] | ||
| Glinus lotoides | Molluginaceae | Metere | Fruit | Drinking Decoction | Taenicide | Wabe, et al. [38] | ||
| Haygenia Abyssinica | Rosaceae | Koso | Fruit | Drinking Concoction | Taenifuge | Wabe, et al. [38] | ||
| leonotis ocymifolia | Lamiaceae | Ras-kimir or Yeferes Zeng | Leaf | Drinking Concoction | Ascaricide | Wabe, et al. [38] | ||
| Ocimum lamifolium | Lamiaceae | Dema kese | Leaf | Concoction | Anthelmintic | Wabe, et al. [38] | ||
| Ocimum sp | Lamiaceae | Besso bila | Leaf | Vegetable drug, decoction | Taenicide, Fever | Wabe, et al. [38] | ||
| Albezia anthelimentica | Fabaceae | Hawaachoo | Bark | Chew up the fresh bark of the root of the plant by the local healer and then spit to the mouth of the animal about 1 teaspoonful, every day for 2 days | Internal Parasite | Eshetu, et al. [39] | ||
| Albuca spp | Amaryllidaceae | Rada Waqa | Bulb | fresh bulb (root) of the plant is ground and squeezed then 1 teaspoonful squeezed liquid added to 1 cup of water and is given 2 cup of the preparation through nose morning and evening for 4 days | Internal Parasite | Eshetu, et al. [39] | ||
| Allium sativum L | Amaryllidaceae | Qullubbii Adii | Bulb | After pounding the bulb, add water, and filter then give through mouth and nose | Mastitis, Diarrhea, Internal Parasite | Eshetu, et al. [39] | ||
| Erythrina brucei Schwein | Fabaceae | Welanko | Leaf | The fresh leaf is pounded and add 1 cup of water | Internal Parasite | Eshetu, et al. [39] | ||
| Leucas deflexa Hook f |
Lamiaceae | Qechemen | Leaf | --------- | Ascariasis (Wesfat) | Giday, et al. [40] | ||
| Azadirachta indica A Juss |
Meliaceae | Kinina | Seed,Leaf | Mixture of leaf infusion and oil extracted from seed taken oral as anthelmintic | Intestinal Parasites | Belayneh, A, Bussa, NF [41] | ||
| Dodonaea angustifolia Lf | Sapindaceae | Edecha | Leaf | Fresh leaf extract taken oral as anthelmintic | Intestinal Parasites | Belayneh, A, Bussa, NF [41] | ||
| Kleinia squarrosa Cufod |
Asteraceae | Luko | Stem | Crush and taken oral as anthelmintic | Intestinal Parasites | Belayneh, A, Bussa, NF [41] | ||
| Ozoroa insignis Delile |
Anacardiaceae | Salvano | Stem Bark | Directly uses Orally | Ascariasis | Kidane, et al [42] | ||
| Balanites rotundifolia (van Tieghem) Blatter |
Zygophyllaceae | Kuze | Leaf | ------- | Ascariasis, Food Poisoning ,Vomiting | Kidane, et al [42] | ||
| Acanthus sennii Chiov* |
Acanthaceae | Key Kusheshilie | Root | Pound, immerse in water then drink the Juice |
Tape Worm | Chekole, et al.[43] | ||
| Achyranthes aspera L. | Amaranthaceae | Telenj | Root | Crush, insert in water then Drink | Tape Worm | Chekole, et al.[43] | ||
| Alysicarpus quartinianus A Rich | Fabaceae | ----------- | Root | Crush then drink with milk | Ascaris | Chekole, et al.[43] | ||
| Bersama abyssinica Fresen | Melianthaceae | Azamir | Leaf | Crush and powder, boil with tea then drink juice | Ascaris | Chekole, et al.[43] | ||
| Buddleja polystachya Fresen |
Loganiaceae | Anfar | Leaf | Crush and powder, immerse in TEJ then drink the juice | Intestinal Parasite |
Chekole, et al.[43] | ||
| Celosia trigyna L | Amaranthaceae | Lemlemcho | Seed | Grind and drink with water | Tape Worm | Chekole, et al.[43] | ||
| Commelina latifolia Hochst ex A Rich. |
Commelinaceae | Yewuha Enkur | Leaf | Crush and powder then cream with butter |
Taenia Scaplis | Chekole, et al.[43] | ||
| Croton macrostachyus Del |
Euphorbiaceae | Misana | Bark | Crush, pound, then drink juice | Tape Worm | Chekole, et al.[43] | ||
| Croton macrostachyus Del |
Euphorbiaceae | Misana | Leaf | Boil, grind, make it wote (souse) with butter then eat with enjera | Tape Worm | Chekole, et al.[43] | ||
| Cynodon dactylon (L) Pers* |
Poaceae | Serdo | Leaf & Stem | Drink the Concoction | Tape Worm | Chekole, et al.[43] | ||
| Dodonaea angustifolia Lf | Sapindaceae | Kitkita | Root & Leaf | Pound, immerse in water and drink the diluted mixture | Tape Worm | Chekole, et al.[43] | ||
| Dodonaea angustifolia Lf | Sapindaceae | Kitkita | Leaf & Stem | Drink the Concoction | Tape Worm | Chekole, et al.[43] | ||
| Embelia schimperi Vatke* | Myrsinaceae | Enkoko | Flower | Eat fresh or crush and drink with ‘tela difdif’ | Tape Worm | Chekole, et al.[43] | ||
| Justicia schimperiana (Hochst Ex Nees) T Anders |
Acanthaceae | Smiza | Leaf,Stem | Drink the concoction | Tape Worm | Chekole, et al.[43] | ||
| Kalanchoe laciniata L | Crassulaceae | Endahula | All Part | Boil with Cicer Arietinum | Tape Worm | Chekole, et al.[43] | ||
| Laggera crispata (Vahl) Hepper & Wood |
Asteraceae | Keskesso/ Alshasume | Leaf | Crush and drink with Water | Tape Worm | Chekole, et al.[43] | ||
| Prunus persica (L) Batsch |
Rosaceae | Kok | Leaf Stem | Drink the Concoction | Tape Worm | Chekole, et al.[43] | ||
| Withania somnifera (L) Dunal in DC |
Solanaceae | Giziewa | Leaf | Fumigate in a closed Fashion | Tape Worm & Babies Disease |
Chekole, et al.[43] | ||
| Allium sativum L | Aliacea | Qullubbi Adii | Root | Root powder with the root powder of Ajuga integerifolia, Allium sativum, and Rumex nepalensis concocted together and drunk once before breakfast | Ascariasis | Kefalew, et al. [44] | ||
| Aloe macrocarpa Tod | Lamiaceae | Argiisa/Ret | Leaf | Leaf chewed and swallow the juice | Intestinal Parasite | Kefalew, et al. [44] | ||
| Carissa spinarium | Asteraceae | Root | Root grounded, dissolve in water and drunk | Intestinal Worms | Kefalew, et al. [44] | |||
| Embelia schimperi Vatke | Myrsinaceae | Hanquu/Enqoqo | Fruit | Fruit is powdered, dissolve in water, decant out the decoction and drunk early morning before meal | Tape Worm (Kosso) | Kefalew, et al. [44] | ||
| Grewia ferruginea Hochst ex A Rich | Malvaceae | Dhoqonuu/Lenquata | Bark | Fresh bark boiled together with fruit of Hagenia abyssinica, and the solution drunk | Taeniasis (Kosso) | Kefalew, et al. [44] | ||
| Myrica salicifolia A Rich |
Myriceae | Kataba/Shinet | Root | Water solution of the root infusion is given orally | Ascariasis | Kefalew, et al. [44] | ||
| Myrsine africana L | Myrsinaceae | Qacama/Kechem | Fruit | Fruit grounded and concocted with powder fruit of Hagenia abyssinica and the solution drunk | Taeniasis | Kefalew, et al. [44] | ||
| Plantago lanceolata L | Plantaginaceae | Qorxobbii/Yehaheya Kote/ | Leaf | Leaf grounded, boiled with fruit of Solanum anguivi and the concoction mixed with atela (by-products of tella) and given to the animal | Intestinal Parasites | Kefalew, et al. [44] | ||
| Bersama abyssinica | Melianthaceae | Loichiisaa | Root, | Decoction vegetable drug | Taeniafuge | Abera B [45] | ||
| Catha edulis | Celastraceae | Caatii | Bark | Decoction | Anthelmatic Psychoactive |
Abera B [45] | ||
| Croton macrostachyas | Euphorbiaceae | Bakkanniisa | Leaf | Vegetable drug & decoction | Taenicide, | Abera B [45] | ||
| Glinus Lotoides | Molluginaceae | Metire | Fruit | Decoction | Taenicide, | Abera B [45] | ||
| Hagenia abyssinica | Rosaceae | Kossoo | Fruit | Concoction | Taenifuge | Abera B [45] | ||
| Leonotis ocymifolia | Lamiaceae | Raasqamir | Leaf | Concoction | Ascaricide | Abera B [45] | ||
| Ocimum lamifolium | Lamiaceae | Damakasee | Leaf | Concoction | Anthelmintic | Abera B [45] | ||
| Ocimum sp | Lamiaceae | Ancabbii | Leaf | Vegetable drug, Decoction |
Taenicide, Fever | Abera B [45] | ||
| Zingibel offinale | Zingeberaceae | Root | ----------- | Anthelmintic | Abera B [45] | |||
| Hagenia abyssinica (Bruce) J.F.Gmel |
Rosaceae | Kosso | Seed | Dry seed ground into powder, mixed with local alcohol (“tella”), and drunk. | Tape Worm | Amsalu, et al. [46] | ||
| Jasminum abyssinicum L | Oleaceae | Tenbelel | Leaf | Fresh leaves crushed, squeezed mixed with water, and decanted and then drunk without having food. |
Tape Worm | Amsalu, et al. [46] | ||
| Justicia schimperiana (Hochst. ex Nees) T Anders |
Acanthaceae∗∗ | Smiza | Leaf | Dry leaves are crushed and pounded with water and then one glass is drunk | Abdominal Parasite | Amsalu, et al. [46] | ||
| Vernonia amygdalina Del |
Asteraceae | Girawa | Leaf | Juice is extracted from fresh leaf and taken orally (one cup). | Intestinal Parasite | Amsalu, et al. [46] | ||
| Vernonia amygdalina Del | Asteraceae | Dhebicha | Leaf | Drinking the decocted leaves with 1 cup of coffee for elders and half for children | Intestinal Worm | Jima TT, Megersa M [47] | ||
| Carica papaya L | Caricaceae | Papaayee | Seed | Seeds ground and boiled with coffee and taken with honey |
Ascariasis | Jima TT, Megersa M [47] | ||
| Ricinus communis L | Euphorbiaceae | Qobboo | Root/ Seed |
Roots and seeds are crushed and drink with 1 cup of water |
Intestinal Worm | Jima TT, Megersa M [47]M. | ||
| Gnidia stenophylla Gilg | Trymalaceae | Katarichaa | Root | The dried roots are crushed and mixed with water then taken for 2 days |
Intestinal Worm | Jima TT, Megersa M [47] | ||
| Bersama abyssinica Fresen | Melianthaceae (GG64) | Azamir | Leaf | Fresh leaf boiled with milk and potato is given orally | Ascariasis | Gebeyehu, et al. [48] | ||
| Brucea antidysenterica JF Mill | Simaroubaceae (GG07) | Abalo | Root | Dried root and Phytolaca dodecandra leaf powdered, mixedwith water is given orally | Hookworm | Gebeyehu, et al. [48] | ||
| Embelia schimperi Vatke | Myrsinaceae(GG35) | Enkoko | Fruits | Dried fruit soaked with local beer is given orally |
Tape Worm | Gebeyehu, et al. [48] | ||
| Hagenia abyssinica (Bruce) J F Gmel | Rosaceae (GG89) | Kosso | Fruit | Dried fruit powder cooked with food is given orally | Tape Worm | Gebeyehu, et al. [48] | ||
| Hagenigabyssi nicabruce J F gmelin |
Rosaceae | Kosso | Flower | The flower is dried, crushed and boiled in Water | Taeniasis | Dugassa, et al. [49] | ||
| Clausena arisata Hook F |
Rutaceae | Metene (Temenne) (O) |
Leaf | The decocted leaf is drunk | Ascariesis | Dugassa, et al. [49] | ||
| Carissaedulisvehl | Apoltynaceae | Agamsa (O) | Fruit | The fruit is eaten | Ascariesis | Dugassa, et al. [49] | ||
| Myrsine Africana L | Myrsinaceae | Kechama (O) | Flower | The flower is dried, powder and boiled in Water | Ascariasis And Taeniasis |
Dugassa, et al. [49] | ||
| Cucurbita pepo L |
Cucurbitaceae | Buqee(O) Dubaa(A) |
Seed | The seed is roasted and chewed | Taeniasis | Dugassa, et al. [49] | ||
| Ajuga alba (Gurke) Robyni |
Lamiaceae | Anamuro | Leaf | dried leaves Decocted | Ascariasis | Yineger, et al. [50] | ||
| Euphorbia depauperata A Rich. |
Euphorbiaceae | Guri | Root, Stem Bark |
Fresh parts are Crushed, Decocted | Ascariasis | Yineger, et al. [50] | ||
| Calpurnea aurea (Alt) Benth | Papilionaceae | Cekkatta (Sd) | Seed | Crushed and swallowed | Ascariasis | Regassa R [51] | ||
| Cucurbita pepo L | Cucurbitaceae | Baaqula (Sd) | Seed | Dried on fire and chewed for pregnancy women, powdered and drank by others | Tape Worm | Regassa R [51] | ||
| Eucalyptus globulus Labill | Myrtaceae | Nechbahirzaf (Am) | Leaf | Boil and drink before breakfast | Malaria, Typhoid , Ascarsis And Acute Sickness |
Regassa R [51] | ||
| Hagenia abyssinica (Bruce) J F Gmel. |
Rosaceae | Koso (Am) | Leaf | fresh leaves Crushed ,powdered ,add water and drink | Tape Worm | Regassa R [51] | ||
| Hagenia abyssinica (Bruce) J.F Gmel | Rosaceae | Koso (Am) | Seed | dried seeds Pounded, powdered ,mixed with water stay overnight drink before breakfast | Tape Worm | Regassa R [51] | ||
| Ruta chalpensis L | Rutaceae | Sunkuruut (Wa) | Leaf | Grind fresh leaves with Zingiber officnale, add water and drink | Gonorrhea And Ascarisis |
Regassa R [51] | ||
|
Solanaceae | Shureshuupiya (Wa) | Root | crushed and taken | Parasitic Disease In Children | Andarge, et al. [52] | ||
| Cuscuta reflexa | Convilvulaceae | Has'emamito (Wa) | Leaf | crushed/decocted | Internal Parasites/Worms | Andarge, et al. [52] | ||
| Embelia schimperi | Myrsinaceae | K'uank'uula (Wa) | Fruit | crushed mixed with water and taken orally before breakfast | Tape Worm | Andarge, et al. [52] | ||
| Erythrina brucci | Fabaceae | Bortuwa-Geziyawa(Wa) | Bark | crushed or powdered fresh mixed with water and taken | Ascaris, Stomach Ache | Andarge, et al. [52] | ||
| Hagnia abyssinica | Rosaceae | Soyid'uwa(Wa) | Fruit | crushed and mixed with water taken | Tape Worm | Andarge, et al. [52] | ||
| Maesa lanceolata | Myrrecenaceae | Gegec'uwa (Wa) | Bark | crushed or powdered fresh mixed with water and taken | Ascaris, Stomach Ache | Andarge, et al. [52] | ||
| Rumex abyssinicus | Polygonaceae | C'olieya (Wa) | Root | decocted and half of a cup it taken | Ascaris, | Andarge, et al. [52] | ||
| Syzygium guineense | Myrtaceae | Ocha (Wa) | Bark | crushed or powdered fresh mixed with water decocted and taken | Ascaris, Stomach Ache; Abdominal Pain | Andarge, et al. [52] | ||
| Thalictrum rhynchocarpum | Ranunculaceae | ------- | Root | crushed and mixed with milk applied | Ascariasis | Andarge, et al. [52] | ||
| Bersama abyssinica Fresen |
Melianthaceae | Lolchisa | Leaf | Stem tips chopped in to 4-5 pieces (each 1 inch), cooked with bean seed and eaten in empty stomach every morning for 2 consecutive days. | Ascariasis | Andarge, et al. [52] | ||
| Carissa spinarum L | Apocynaceae | Agamsa | Seed | The seed (20-30 in number) cooked and eaten early in the morning to the empty stomach; only once | Ascariasis | Tolasa E [53] | ||
| Croton macrostachyus Del |
Euphorbiaceae | Bakkanisa | Leaf | The tips shoot with tip shoot of Justicia schimperian powdered and baked with bread and eaten as a breakfastfor a week. | Hook Worm |
Tolasa E [53] | ||
| Croton macrostachyus Del |
Euphorbiaceae | Bakkanisa | Leaf | The latex from young tip is collected and applied in thick to the affected area every Wednesday and Friday. | Tinea Corporis (Robi) |
Tolasa E [53]] | ||
| Euphorbia condelabrum Kostshy |
Euphorbiaceae | Adami | Latex | Five-seven drops collected, baked with one cup of wheat powder and eaten to the empty stomach for 5 days. | Gonorrhea & Ascariasis |
Tolasa E [53] | ||
| Euphorbia tirucalli L | Euphorbiaceae | Cada | Latex | The latex is uniformly (in thin) painted on affected area for few days in strong sunlight or near the hot fire. | Tinea Versicolor (Balale) |
Tolasa E [53] | ||
| Flacourtia indica (Burm.f.) Merr |
Flacourtiaceae | Akuku | Bark | The bark ground along with bulb of Allium sativum and tip shoot of Croton macrostachyus. Then 3 spoons are taken once a day for 7-10 days. |
Gonorrhea, Amoeba And Hook Worm |
Tolasa E [53] | ||
| Glinus lotoides L | Aizoaceae | Wagarti | Seed | The seed is pounded together with little salt, made in to paste and eaten early in the morning. The food and water are banned for 6- hours before as well as after medication | Tape Worm Infestation |
Tolasa E [53] | ||
| Vernonia amygdalina Del |
Asteraceae | Ebicha | Leaf | The leaf is used as a soap to wash the whole body. The leaf infusion is made and drunk ½-tea cup before breakfast. Food and water are eschewed for 5 hours. | Flariasis Ascariasis |
Tolasa E [53] | ||
| Albizaanthelmintica (A. Rich.) Brongn |
Fabaceae | Bsana | Bark | prepare by mixing with food | Tapeworm | Tewelde, et al.[54] | ||
| Pittosporum abyssinicum | Pittosporaceae | Sholla/Mitashiya | Bark | Cut | Ascaris | Agize, et al. [55] | ||
| Premna schimperi | Lamiaceae | Caawula | Leaf | Pound | Ascaris, Severe Abdominal Pain; Leech Expel; Malaria |
Agize, et al. [55]] | ||
| Pycnostachys abyssinica | Lamiaceae | Olomuwa | Leaf | Chopped; pound; Heat | Ascaris; Wound Healing; Eye Disease |
Agize, et al. [55] | ||
| Rumex abyssinicus | Polygonaceae | C'oli'iya | Root | Chopped, Pounded | Ascaris, For All Intestinal Parasites; Liver Infection, Gonorrhea |
Agize, et al. [55] | ||
| Spilanthus mauritiana | Asteraceae | Ayiddamiya | Flower,Leaf | Chopped, ; Chewed | Ascaris, Stomachache; Tonsillitis, Ear Ache, Milk Teeth Problem; Toothache |
Agize, et al. [55] | ||
| Tamarindus indica | Fabaceae | Koriya | Fruit | Cut, raw washed | Ascaris | Agize, et al. [55] | ||
| Jatropha curcas | Euphorbiaceae | Miiimiya/Atiiyaa/F Aranje-S'eema |
Root, Sap |
Chopped, pound; Cut | Tape Worm; Clotting Blood, Wound Healing |
Agize, et al. [55] | ||
| Embelia schimperi | Poaceae | K'ank'k'uwa | Fruit, Root | Chopped, pound, heated | Kidney Problem, Tape Worm And Liver Cirrhosis; Leech Expel |
Agize, et al. [55] | ||
| Euphorbia hirta | Euphorbiaceae | Shatomaataa | Whole Part, Root | Chopped, Pound; cut | Blackleg, Rheumatism; Diarrhea (Shigella); Stomachache; Intestinal Parasite; Tenea Captious |
Agize, et al. [55] | ||
| Euphorbia candelabrum | Euphorbiaceae | K'aak'a (Gad'awa) | Sap | Rolled inside tef bread | Ascaris, Gonorrhea, Diarrhea |
Agize, et al. [55] | ||
| Celosia trigyna | Amaranthaceae | Majoliya (Zarggula) |
Leaf, Root | Chopped, pounded | Tapeworm Expellant; Blood Clotting |
Agize, et al. [55] | ||
| Carduus chamaecephalus |
Asteraceae | Kashiya(Geziyawa) | Leaf, Root | Chopped, Pounded | Ascaris | Agize, et al. [55] | ||
| Artemisisa afra | Asteraceae | Agupiya | Leaf | Chewed | Stomach Ache, Ascaris | Agize, et al. [55] | ||
| Embelia schimperi Vatke |
Myrsinaceae | Enkoko | Fruit | To expel tape worm, the ground fruit is macerated in tela (local alcoholic beverage) or water and left over night, and then the macerate is drunk in an empty stomach | Tape Worm | Gedif T, Hahn HJ [56] | ||
| Hagenia abyssinica (Bruce) Gmel |
Rosaceae | Kosso | Flower | To expel tape worm, water/local alcoholic extract of the flower is drunk in the morning in an empty stomach or the flower is pasted with honey and taken | Tape Worm | Gedif T, Hahn HJ [56] [56] | ||
| Berchemia discolor (Klotzsch)Hems l.. |
Rhamnace Ae |
Jajaba | Leaf | Leaf concoction is mixed with honey, warm the solution and drunk. | Hook Worm | Giday, et al. Gebrehiwot M [57,58] | ||
| Bersama abyssinica Fresen. |
Meliantha Ceae |
Lolchiisaa | Bark | Fresh bark is pounded, pasted with honey and is eaten. | Ascariasis, | Giday, et al. Gebrehiwot M [57,58] | ||
| Cadaba farinosa Forssk |
Capparida Ceaee |
Qalqalcha | Root | Fine powder of root is mixed with honey and eat a tea spoon a day for four days every morning. | Intestinal Parasite |
Giday, et al. Gebrehiwot M [57,58] | ||
| Croton macrostachyus Del |
Euphorbia Ceae |
Bakkanisa | Leaf | The tip of fresh young leaf and the bark is pounded, boiled, add butter, cool it and after it solidifies, three – nine tablets are made and three tablets for children, five to nine tablets for elders is given. Milk is drunk as an antidote | Ascariasis, | Giday, et al. Gebrehiwot M [57,58] | ||
| Cucurbita pepo L |
Cucurbita Ceae |
Debaquulaa | Seed | Bloat Seeds are soaked in water overnight, chew and swallowed as they are . | Hookworm | Giday, et al. Gebrehiwot M [57,58] | ||
| Dodonea angustifolia Lf |
Sapindace Ae |
Iticha | Seed | Grounded, pasted with oat flour, bake and give to the animal. | Intestinal Parasite |
Giday, et al. Gebrehiwot M [57,58] | ||
| Embelia schimperi Vatke |
Myrsinace Ae |
Haanquu | Seed | Seeds are grounded, mixed with water and left over night and is drunk | Taeniasis | Giday, et al. Gebrehiwot M [57,58] | ||
| Euclea racemosa Murr |
Ebenaceae | Mi’eessaa | Root | Crushed root is boiled and drunk with sugar. | Internal Parasite |
Giday, et al. Gebrehiwot M [57,58] | ||
| Euphorbia abyssinica Gmel |
Euphorbia Ceae |
Adaamii | Bark | Fine powder of pounded bark of Croton macrostachyus is mixed and taken at meal time | Ascaris | Giday, et al. Gebrehiwot M [57,58] | ||
| Guizotia scabra (Vis) Chiov |
Asteracea E |
Hadaa | Root | The root is infused in water solution of Silene macroselen, and three full cups of coffee is drunk | Taeniasis | Giday, et al. Gebrehiwot M [57,58] | ||
| Hagenia abyssinica (Brace) JF Gmel |
Rosaceae | Heexoo | Flower | Flowers are crushed, soaked in water for a day and drunk with local beer | Tape Worm | Giday, et al. Gebrehiwot M [57,58] | ||
| Lippia adoensis var Adoensis Hochst. ex Walp |
Verbanace Ae |
Kusaayee | Root | Fresh dired root together with the dried bark of Croton macrostachyus is crushed and eaten after breakfast. | Intestinal Parasite |
Giday, et al. Gebrehiwot M [57,58] | ||
| Podocarpus falcatus (Thunb) R.B Ex Mirb |
Podocarpa Ceae |
Birbirsa | Bark | Decoction of the fine powder of the bark, grounded garlic and honey are pasted and about two tea spoon is eaten at bed time for 3-5 days | Intestinal Parasites |
Giday, et al. Gebrehiwot M [57,58] | ||
| Rosa abyssinca Lindley |
Rosaceae | Goraa | Leaf | Fresh leaf is pounded, mixed with water a cup of the mixture is drunk once. | Ascaris | Giday, et al. Gebrehiwot M [57,58] | ||
| Rumex nepalensis Spreng |
Polygonac Eae |
Shabe | Root | Chew the root and swallow or boil in the water and one glass of the solution is drunk only once | Intestinal Parasites |
Giday, et al. Gebrehiwot M [57,58] | ||
| Vernonia amygdalina Del |
Asteracea E |
Ebichaa | Freslh leaves chopped and added to local beer and salt and will be given to the animal | Internal Parasite | Giday, et al. Gebrehiwot M [57,58] | |||
| Vicia faba L | Fabaceae | Baaqelaa | Seed | Seeds are soaked in water over night and eaten for three days |
Tape Worm | Giday, et al. Gebrehiwot M [57,58] | ||
| Croton macrostachyus Del |
Euphorbiaceae | Mokkoniis Aa |
Bark | Crushing the bark, boiling it & giving one coffee cup for humans & one water glass for livestock to eradicate tapeworm | Tape Worm | Ashagre M [59] | ||
| Embelia schimperi Vatke |
Myrsinaceae | Haanquu | Seed | Crushing the seeds, making s/n & drinking/ giving one water glass | Tapeworm Infection (Mini ) |
Ashagre M [59] | ||
| Gnidia involucrata Stend ex A. Rich |
Thymelaeaceae | Bortoo | Root | Crushing the root, making s/n & drinking one water glass at once. | Gonorrhea &Ascaris |
Ashagre M [59] | ||
| Hagenia abyssinica (Bruce) J. F. Gmelin |
Rosaceae | Heexo | Leaf, Seed | ---------- | Pounding The Leaves & Seeds Together, Making S/N & Giving One Water Glass Orally For Cattle. Crushing The Seeds, Making S/N & Giving One Water Glass For Adult Humans | Ashagre M [59] | ||
| Haplocoelum Foliolosum (Hiern) Bullock |
Sapindaceae | Canaa | Seed | ---------- | Chewing A Handful Of Ripened Seeds And Swallowing It. |
Ashagre M [59] | ||
| Bersama abyssinica | Melianthaceae | Azamir | Leaf, Stem | Dry powder is mixed with water and then drunk | Ascariasis | Amsalu N [60] | ||
| Dovyalis abyssinica | Flacourtiaceae | Koshim | Fruits | About 12 fruits consumed daily for 10 consecutive days without water or using its juice. | Abdominal Helminthes, Parasites |
Amsalu N [60] | ||
| Embelia schimperi | Myrsinaceae | Enkoko | Flower | Crushed, dried, powdered and one cup of powder is mixed with a cup of water, and then drunk. | Constipation, Tapeworm |
Amsalu N [60] | ||
| Euclea racemosa | Ebenaceae | Dedeho | Leaf | Crushed & mixed with water, decanted & then drunk | Tape Worm | Amsalu N [60] | ||
| Euphorbia abyssinica | Ephorbiaceae | Kulkual | Latex | Seven droplets are added in to fresh and heated “Injera” and eaten at early morning without having food for the last over night. |
Ascariasis | Amsalu N [60] | ||
| Jusminum grandifolum |
Oleaceae | Tenbelel | Leaf | One spoonful fine powder is mixed with water and then drunk per day until you get relieve | Tape Worm | Amsalu N [60] | ||
| Leonotis ocimifolia | Lamiaceae | Fers Zeng | Whole Part | Crushed, squeezed & drunk | Intestinal - Worms |
Amsalu N [60] | ||
| Lepidium sativum | Brassicaceae | Feto | Fruit, Leaf | The powder of dried fruits or leaves is mixed with water and honey and drunk ½ litters for 3 days gap until u get. | Tapeworm, Stomach-Ache |
Amsalu N [60] | ||
| Ranunculus oligocarpus |
Ranunculaceae | Tinkushit | Fruit | The fruit is boiled & one cup is drunk before or after food for continuous days. | Tapeworm, Amoebiasis |
Amsalu N [60] | ||
| Salix mucronata (S. subserrata) |
Salicaceae | Haya | Leaf | ½ cup of leaf powder is mixed with 4 cups of water & drunk for 3 days daily. | Ascariasis, Bloated Belly |
Amsalu N [60] | ||
| Stephania abyssinica | Menispermacea E |
Shimitiritira/ Etseyesus |
Root | Crushed, powdered, & mixed with water and then drunk about one cup | Ascariasis | Amsalu N [60] | ||
| Cucurbita Pepo | Cucurbitace Ae |
Duba | Seed | Roasted, chewing and Swallowed | Tape Worm | Abdurhman N [61] | ||
| Hagenia abyssinica | Rosaceae | Habie | Flower | Pounded , mix with "korefe" and drunk | Tape Worm | Abdurhman N [61] | ||
| Maesa lanceolata | Myrsinacea E |
Saweria | Fruit | Pounded, mixed with "korefe" and drunk | Tape Worm | Abdurhman N [61] | ||
| Myrsine africana | Myrsinacea E |
Kachamo | Fruit | Pounded, mixed with water and take with porege | Tape Worm | Abdurhman N [61] | ||
| Rosa abyssinica | Rosaceae | Kega | Fruit | Pounded, mixed with "correfe" drunk(local alcoholic drink) | Tape Worm | Abdurhman N [61] | ||
| Cucurbita pepo L | Cucurbitaceae | Duba | Seed | Seven roasted seeds are taken orally, followed by three hours of fasting | Tapeworm | Araya, et al. [62] | ||
| Euphorbia cactus Boiss |
Euphorbiaceae | Kolqual Hamat | Latex | Four drops of latex are mixed with sugar solution and taken once before diet | Ascariasis | Araya, et al. [62] | ||
| Jasminum granditlorum L subsp floribundum (R.Br. ex Fresen.) P.S. Green |
Oleaceae | Habitselim | Leaf | Leaves are crushed, squeezed and cup of juice with sugar is taken orally | Ascariasis | Araya, et al. [62] | ||
| Jasminum granditlorum L. subsp. floribundum (R.Br. ex Fresen.) P.S. Green |
Oleaceae | Habitselim | Leaf | Leaves are crushed, squeezed and cup of juice with sugar is taken orally | Tapeworm | Araya, et al. [62] | ||
| Premna oligotricha L | Lamiaceae | Sasa Hadima | Leaf | Leaves are crushed and squeezed and a cup of juice is taken once orally | Ascariasis | Araya, et al. [62] | ||
| Maesa lanceolata Forssk | Myrsinaceae | Saira | Seed | Seeds are ground, powder mixed with water and a cup of juice taken orally once | Tapeworm | Araya, et al. [62] | ||
| Olea europaea L subsp. Cuspidate (Wall. ex G. Don) Cif. |
Oleaceae | Awlie | Leaf | Leaves are crushed, squeezed and a cup of juice taken orally for one day | Ascariasis | Araya, et al. [62] | ||
| Oxalis anthelmintica A. Rich |
Oxalidaceae | Habachego | Leaf | Patient eats some and remains on diet for next three hours | Tapeworm | Araya, et al. [62] | ||
| R. Fernandes & Verdc. | Verbenaceae | Atush | Whole Plant | Plant is crushed, squeezed and juice taken with cup of coffee for three days | Ascariasis | Araya, et al. [62] | ||
| Hypoestes forskaolii (Vahl) R. Br | Acanthaceae . |
Ciikkicho | Leaf | The leaf is pounded, macerated, and drunk |
Helminthiases | Tuasha, et al. [63] | ||
| Vernonia amygdalina Del |
Asteraceae | Hechcho | Leaf | The leaf of Vernonia amygdalina is pounded, macerated, and 1 cup of the preparation is given orally |
Febrile Malaria And Helminthiases |
Tuasha, et al. [63] | ||
| Plectranthus garckeanus (Vatke) J.K. Morton |
Lamiaceae | Toontoona | Leaf | The leaf is boiled, filtered, and the liquid is given Orally | Helminthiases | Tuasha, et al. [63] | ||
| Phytolacca dodecandra L Herit |
Phytolaccaceae . |
Haraanjicha | Leaf | Pounded, boiled, and taken orally early in the morning |
Helminthiases; As A Laxative |
Tuasha, et al. [63] | ||
| Rumex nervosus Vahl | Polygonaceae | Taare | Root | The root is washed and eaten raw | Intestinal Parasites |
Tuasha, et al. [63] | ||
| Hagenia abyssinica (Bruce) J.F. Gmel |
Rosaceae | So”Ichote Dhagga (Qaanqo) |
Fruit | The ripe fruit is pounded, decocted, and 1 cup of the preparation is drunk in the morning before breakfast | So”Icho’ (Tapeworm) |
Tuasha, et al. [63] | ||
| Clausena anisata Hook.f. ex Benth |
Rutaceae | Hulimay (O) | Leaf | The decocted leaf is drunk. | Ascariasis | Suleman S, Alemu T [64] | ||
| Hagenia abyssinica (Bruce) J.F.Gmelin |
Rosaceae | Kosso (O) | Flower | The flower is dried, crushed, and boiled in water | Taeniasis | Suleman S, Alemu T [64] | ||
| Cucurbita Pepo L | Cucurbitaceae | Buqe (O) | Seed | Seed is roasted and chewed | Taeniasis | Suleman S, Alemu T [64] | ||
| Myrsine Africana L | Myrsinaceae | Kechema (O) | Fruit | Fruit powder pasted with niger seed is eaten. |
Ascariasis & Taeniasis |
Suleman S, Alemu T [64] | ||
| Maesa lanceolata Forssk |
Myrsinaceae | Abaye (O) | Fruit | The juice of squeezed fruit is drunk | Filariasis | Suleman S, Alemu T [64] | ||
| Carissa edulis Vahl |
Apocynaceae | Agamsa (O) | Fruit | Fruit is eaten | Ascariasis | Suleman S, Alemu T [64] | ||
| Aloe Macrocarpa | --------- | --------- | Latex | Crushed and filtered some amount of latex was mixed with some amount of water and drunken one coffee cup every morning for 3 consecutive days | Abdominal/Stomach Parasite |
Beyene T [65] | ||
| Carica papaya | --------- | --------- | Fruit | A coffee cup seeds were chewed and swallowed | Amoeba And Other Internal Parasites |
Beyene T [65] | ||
| Croton macrostachyus | --------- | --------- | Root | Finger sized root was washed, chewed and take in the fluid part | Stomach Parasite | Beyene T [65] | ||
| Cucurbita pepo | --------- | --------- | Seed | About a coffee cup of seeds were roasted and consumed | Tape Worm | Beyene T [65] | ||
| Euphorbia Abyssinica | --------- | --------- | Latex | 1-2 spoon was added to a cup coffee and taken in | Abdominal Parasite | Beyene T [65] | ||
| Maytenus senegalensis | --------- | --------- | Leaf | A bunch of leaves were crushed, mixed with tin cane of water, squeezed, filtered and drunk one tin cane for cattle and half of it for goat and sheep every day for 3 consecutive days | Stomach Parasite (Cattle, Goat, Sheep) |
Beyene T [65] | ||
| Meriandra Dianthera | --------- | --------- | Leaf | One handful was crushed, mixed with a beaker of water, filtered, stored in a bottle or pot alone or mixed with a 2 cup of honey for 5 days and drunk half of a coffee cup (child) and two coffee cup (adult) every morning for 5-7 consecutive days | Stomach Parasites | Beyene T [65] | ||
| Meriandra Dianthera | --------- | --------- | Leaf | Handful was crushed, mixed with a beaker of water, filtered and drunk one beaker (adult) or coffee cup (Young) every morning for 3- 5 consecutive days | Tape Worm | Beyene T [65] | ||
| Schinus molle | --------- | --------- | Leaf | Some leaves were crushed, mixed with little water and drunk half of a coffee cup for 3-4 consecutive days | Stomach Parasite | Beyene T [65] | ||
| Aloe megalacantha Bark |
Aloaceae | Ere | Latex | Squeeze latex, filter and drink | Ascariasis | Teklay, et al. [66] | ||
| Clutia abyssinica Jaub. & Spach |
Euphorbiaceae | Tewshealalito | Leaf | Crushed and drunk the fluid | Internal Parasites Infection (Livestock) |
Teklay, et al. [66] | ||
| Euphorbia abyssinica JF Gmel |
Euphorbiaceae | Kulqual | Latex | Mix part with locally made beer and drink it or mix it enjera (local food) and eat it | Ascariasis | Teklay, et al. [66] | ||
| Hypoestes forskaolii (Vahl) Roem. & Schult. | Acanthaceae | Girbia | Root | Boiling in milk with leaves of Lantana trifolia and drunk | Ascariasis | Teklay, et al. [66] | ||
| Otostegia integrifolia Benth | Lamiaceae | Chiendog | Leaf | Crush, filter and drink the fluid | Ascariasis | Teklay, et al. [66] | ||
| Solanum mariginatum Lf | Solanaceae | Aby Ungule | Root | Crush by mixing with roots of Zehneria scabra, and Verbena officinalis, filter and drink the fluid | Ascariasis | Teklay, et al. [66] | ||
| Ajuga integrifolia Buch-Ham. |
Lamiaceae | Endifdif | Crush, filter and drin | Ascariasis Tap Worm |
Teklay, et al. [66] | |||
| Dovyalis abyssinica (A.Rich.) Warb | Flacourtiaceae | Mengolhats | Fruit | Eat the fruit or drink its juice | Infection Of Amoeba, Tape Worm Or Ascariasis |
Teklay, et al. [66] | ||
| Euphorbia sp. | Euphorbiaceae | Tekeze | Root | Chew and swallow the fluid | Ascariasis | Teklay, et al. [66] | ||
| Ficus vasta Forssk |
Moraceae | Daero | Bark | Crush and it with honey | Ascariasis | Teklay, et al. [66] | ||
| Hagenia abyssinica (Bruce) J.F. Gmel. | Rosaceae | Habi | Leaf, Fruit And Flower |
Crush, filter and drink the fluid alone or with milk | Tape Worm | Teklay, et al. [66] | ||
| Lantana trifolia L | . Verbenaceae | Tsameo | Leaf | Boil it with milk or tea and drink | Ascariasis | Teklay, et al. [66] | ||
| Merendra bengalensis (Roxb.) Benth. | Lamiaceae | Mesaguh | Leaf | Crush, filter and drunk the fluid | Ascariasis | Teklay, et al. [66] | ||
| Oxalis corniculata L | Oxalidaceae | Chew Mirakut |
Bulb | Peel the external part and eat it alone or mixed with enjera (local food) | Tap Worm | Teklay, et al. [66] | ||
| Rumex abyssinicus Jacq |
Polygonaceae | Mequmeqo | Leaf | Crush, filter and drink the fluid | Ascariasis | Teklay, et al. [66] | ||
| Rumex nervosus Vahl |
Polygonaceae | Hehot | Stem, Leaf | Eat or chew and swallow the fluid | Ascariasis | Teklay, et al. [66] | ||
| Verbena officinalis L | Verbenaceae | Atush | Root | Crush it by mixing with roots of Zehneria scabra filter and drink the fluid | Ascariasis | Teklay, et al. [66] | ||
| Zehneria scabra (Lf) Sond | Cucurbitaceae | Hafaflo | Root | Crush by mixing it with Verbena officinalis filter and drink the juice | Ascariasis | Teklay, et al. [66] | ||
| Glinus lotoides L | Molluginaceae | Meterea | Fruit | Fruit powder mixed with enough water and is taken orally | Tapeworm | Teklehaymanot T, Giday M [67] | ||
| Hagenia abyssinica (Bruce) J F. Gmel. |
Rosaceae | Kosso | ------ | Powder mixed with water and fermented over night is taken orally in the morning | (Tape Worm) | Teklehaymanot T, Giday M [67] | ||
| Verbena officinalis L | Verbenaceae | Atuch | Root | Juice of root is taken orally | Wesfat' (Ascaris | Teklehaymanot T, Giday M [67, 68] | ||
| Mucuna melanocarpa Hochst | Papilionaceae | Salabano (M | Leaf | Leaf ground and mixed with water and drenched that induces diarrhea | For Calf Ascariasis | Tolossa, et al. [69] | ||
| Orthosiphon sarmentosus A.J. Paton & Hedge |
Lamiaceae | Zititu (A) | Leaf | Leaf chopped, soaked in water and a glass full filtrate drunken | Ascariasis | Tolossa, et al. [69] | ||
| Justicia schimperiana (Hochst.ex A. Nees) T.Anders | Acanthaceae | Sensel | Leaf | Crushed fresh/dry leaves is concocted with bark of s is taken orally for three days | Intestinal Parasites | Bekele, G, Reddy PR. [70] | ||
| Carduus leptacanthus Fresen. | Asteraceae | Guccino | Stem | Powdered dry stem mixed with butter is taken with coffee or tea. | Ascariasis | Bekele, G, Reddy PR. [70] | ||
| Lepidium Sativum L | Brassicaceae | Feaxxo | Seed | Dry seed powder is taken as with coffee as drink | Intestinal Parasites | Bekele, G, Reddy PR. [70] | ||
| Hagenia Abyssinica (Brucie.) J. F. Gmel | Rosaceae | Kosso | Fruits | Crushed dry fruits mix the powder with honey and a little bit of water and then boil and drink before breakfast for five days | Ascariasis | Bekele, G, Reddy PR. [70] | ||
| Hagenia Abyssinica (Brucie.) J. F. Gmel | Rosaceae | Kosso | Fruit | Crushed dry fruit , mix the powder with local 'tella' and leave for overnight and drink before breakfast for three days | Intestinal Worms | Bekele, G, Reddy PR. [70] | ||
| Prunus africana (Hook.F.) Kalkam | Rosaceae | ‘Sukke’ | Root | Crushed dry root bark mixed with water is taken as a drink | Ascariasis | Bekele, G, Reddy PR. [70] | ||
| Embelia schimperi Vatke | Myrsinaceae | -------- | Fruit | ------- | Tape Worm | Zerabruk S, Yirga G [71,72] | ||
| Hagenia abyssinica Bruce | Rosaceae | --------- | Leaf | with water | Tape Worm | Zenebe, et al. Zerabruk, S, Yirga, G [71, 72] | ||
| Dodonaea angustifolia Linn | Sapindaceae | --------- | Leaf | with salt | Tape Worm | Zenebe, et al. Zerabruk, S, Yirga, G [71, 72] | ||
| Myrsine africana Linn | Myrsinaceae | --------- | Seed | Injera | Tape Warm | Zenebe, et al. Zerabruk, S, Yirga, G [71, 72] |
Table 1: Shows Ethiopian traditional medicinal plants, plant parts, preparation of herbal remedies, and claimed types of helminthic and parasitic diseases.
Drug resistance associated with parasites infection
Considerations like Antimicrobial resistance for parasites are important as bacteria and fungi. Understanding the molecular and genetic mechanism of resistance developed by parasites is important for disease prevention and targeting chemotherapies. Although epidemiological and molecular understanding of the parasitic drug resistance is an indicator for a better application of current compounds and the development of novel anti-parasitic agents. Currently, some parasites such as plasmodium species, Leishmania schistosomes, and trypanosomiasis are some examples of parasites disease developing drug resistance.
Traditional medicine utilization in Ethiopia
When compared to contemporary medicine, almost 80% of Ethiopians rely on traditional medicine to address their healthcare needs, which can be related to cultural tolerance, perceived efficacy against certain ailments, physical accessibility, and affordability [19]. Little attempt was made in the country to accurately document the connected knowledge, attitude, and use of therapeutic herbs. Ethiopia is frequently cited as one of the six countries in the world where approximately 60% of plants are indigenous and have medicinal properties [20]. The general public is well-versed in Traditional Medicine. Traditional medicine has a high level of acceptance and prevalence in the country, which is due to its cultural tolerance, ease of accessibility, and affordability [21]. Another factor that contributed to the respondents' high incidence of TM usage was a lack of access to modern health services. The most popular sort of TM done in the population is the use of herbal medications [22]. This respected medicinal art has to be supported by documentation, giving wellorganized information about the practice of the community for mass screening through scientific biomedical reverse pharmacology and biomedical research. The study aimed to review published articles on the ethno medicinal uses of Ethiopian traditional medicinal plants against different parasitic infections of humans.
Materials and methods
All included published article in this review was gathered from the scientific peer-reviewed journals such as (PubMed, Google scholar, Science direct, Scopus, Pubmed, springer, and nature) using the following word such as anti-parasitic, anti-helminthic, anti-malaria, anti-leishmania, anti-Schistosoma of Ethiopian medicinal plant used to manage helminthic and parasitic disease, ethno medicine and using other relevant words. English language article was the main source of information for this review. Lists of sources of eventually utilized articles were assessed for other important data to the sort of plant name, family, local name, parts used, preparation, and treating helminthic/ parasitic diseases.
Result
The search of Pub med, Google Scholar, Science Direct, Scopus, and Research Gate provided a total of 72 studies were conducted to assess the ethno botany of medicinal plants used to treat human helminthic diseases. While from each reviewed article, medicinal plants have an anti-helminthic effect well summarized by the family of plant, species of the plants, local name, preparation of plants, and treating helminthic disease. A total of 343 medicinal plants with 13 different plant parts uses for preparation and treating different human helminthic and parasitic infections find out in this resented review.
Furthermore, our review revealed that Ethiopian medicinal plants are used as an alternative medicine for treating a range of parasitic infections such as malaria, hook warm, filariasis, tape warm, ascariasis, and intestinal warm are some of the major parasitic and helminthic diseases treated by the community and herbalists. Although, the majority of plant parts used to treat human parasitic and helminthic infection were Leaf (24.27%), root (22.83%), followed by seed (15.73%). Bulb and exudates cover list rank and account 1.12% and 0.37% respectively from the total plant parts use Figure 1.
Figure 1: Ethiopian traditional medicinal plants and their parts apply for the preparation of medicinal remedies.
Unfortunately, Traditional medicine practitioner in Ethiopia applies different techniques of plant preparation like concoction, drying, crushing, and dedoction. However, in this review, the most dominant way of preparation of herbal remedies was preparation with water (38.50%) and coffee and tea (10.40%) (Figure 2). Intestinal helminthic and parasitic (33.71%) and Ascariasis (32.95%) diseases were identified to be that can be treated empirically when the disease is encountered in human hosts. Also, hook warm and filariasis parasitic diseases listed in Figure 3 are the list disease traditionally treated by the herbalists and community through using different types of medicinal plants.
Figure 2: Components used to assemble herbal treatment for treat human helminthic and parasitic infection.
Figure 3: Proportion of helminthic and parasitic disease managed traditionally though Ethiopian traditional medicinal plants.
Conclusion
In this presented review, a total of 343 medicinal plants have been identified and recorded for their use to treat a range of human helminthic and parasitic infections in Ethiopia. The majority of plants portion usually used by herbalists and the people was a leaf. Nevertheless, most of these medicinal plants are widely applied in different areas of Ethiopia; the majority of medicinal plants and medicinal information regarding scientifically and experimental (reverse pharmacology) on their safety and efficacy are not well understood. Therefore, it is overemphasized for the researcher to conduct a wide range of research on safety and efficacy studies of the traditionally claimed herbs with giving attention to certain human helminthic and parasitic diseases that already develop drug resistance.
Abbreviation
NTD: Neglected tropical disease
STH: Soil transmitted helments
VL: Visceral leishmaniasis
CL: Cutanious leishmaniasis
MCL: Mucocutanious leishmaniasis
PKDL: Post kalazar disease leishmaniasis
WHO: World health organization
LF: Lymphatic filariasis
HIV: Human immune virus
TM: Traditional medicine
Conflict of interest
None
Acknowledgments
The corresponding author of this review would like to acknowledge all co-authors participated in this review.
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Citation: Yirga ST, Mersa A, Sisiay B, Ashebir R, Akliku B, et al. (2022) Ethnomedicinal Uses of Ethiopian Traditional Medicinal Plants Used To manage some of Human Helminthic and Parasitic Disease: A Review. J Tradit Med Clin Natur, 11: 306. DOI: 10.4172/2573-4555.1000306
Copyright: © 2022 Yirga ST, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
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