ISSN: 2573-4555

Journal of Traditional Medicine & Clinical Naturopathy
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  • Review   
  • J Tradit Med Clin Natur 2022, Vol 11(1): 306
  • DOI: 10.4172/2573-4555.1000306

Ethnomedicinal uses of Ethiopian Traditional Medicinal Plants used to manage some of Human Helminthic and Parasitic Disease: A Review

Sameson Taye Yirga*, Asfaw Mersa, Bihoneghe Sisiay, Rekik Ashebir, Betelehem Akliku, Sileshi Degu, Tsion Kassahun, Firehiwot Teka and Hirut Basha
Department of Biomedical Research Team, Traditional and Modern Medicine Research Directorate, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
*Corresponding Author: Sameson Taye Yirga, Department of Biomedical Research Team, Traditional and Modern Medicine Research Directorate, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, Tel: 251913774137, Email: sammitaye@gmail.com

Received: 25-Jan-2022 / Manuscript No. jham-22-52431 / Editor assigned: 27-Jan-2022 / PreQC No. jham-22-52431(PQ) / Reviewed: 09-Feb-2021 / QC No. jham-22-52431 / Revised: 14-Feb-2022 / Manuscript No. jham-22-52431 (R) / Accepted Date: 18-Feb-2022 / Published Date: 21-Feb-2022 DOI: 10.4172/2573-4555.1000306

Abstract

Background: Human Helminthic and parasitic infection are caused by soil-transmitted infection, neglected tropical disease, and Onchocerciasis. There are various ways of transmission for helminthic infection into a human host such as Ingestion of infective stage through faecal route, vector assisted transmission, direct skin penetration, congenital and contact of vector faecal with penetrated skin are the most common. 80% of the Ethiopian population has utilized traditional medicine as a primary choice of health care. The main aim of this review was to show Ethiopian medicinal plants used to manage helminthic and parasitic infections of humans.

Methods: Published article reviewed from databases search from Google scholar, science direct, Scopus, and pub med. The English language was applied for finding out published articles from the database by using the following terms anti-parasitic, anthelmintic, antimalarial, anti schistosomal, anti-intestinal warm, and Ethiopian medicinal plants. The tabular and diagrammatic presentation was used for clarifying and displaying findings from this reviewed study.

Results: In this presented study 343 medicinal plants were clarified for application of different human helminthic and parasitic infections. Having this leaf (24.27%) was the majority of plant parts used to treat the helminthic and parasitic infection when the diseases are encountered in the human host. Herbal remedies prepared with the aid of water accounted (38.50%), tea and coffee (10.40%), and decoction(10%) are mostly presented the way of plant preparation mentioned in the reviewed article.

Conclusion: Ethiopian population has higher experience in terms of utilization of traditional medicine as a primary choice of treatments. Fortunately, in this review, we try to present this community's experiences regarding human Helminthic and parasitic diseases. Therefore, it is an over-emphasized for the researcher to conduct a wide range of research on safety and efficacy on the traditionally claimed herbs with giving attention to certain human helminthic and parasitic diseases that already develop drug resistance.

Keywords: Anthelmintic; Antiparasitic; Medicinal plants; Helminthic; Parasitic disease

Keywords

Anthelmintic; Antiparasitic; Medicinal plants; Helminthic; Parasitic disease

Introduction

Helminths live as parasites or free from the host in aquatic and terrestrial environments. There are several types; the most common in the world are intestinal nematodes or soil-borne worms (STH), Neglected tropical disease (NTD) including Schistosoma (a parasite of schistosomiasis), Leishmaniasis, Lymphatic filariasis (Elephantiasis), and onchocerciasis (river blindness) [1].

Different parasitic worm species cause helminth infections to spread through the soil (STH). Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura (whipworms), hookworms, and taeniasis are the most common dominated soil-transmitted helminthic infection. They're spread by eggs found in human faeces, which pollute soil in regions with inadequate sanitation. Children that have been infected are malnourished and physically weak [2]. According to the 2021 WHO Report; 1.5 billion individuals globally are affected by soil-transmitted helmentic infection [3].

Schistosomiasis is a parasitic disease caused by trematode worms of the Schistosoma genus, and it is one of the world's most neglected tropical diseases. It’s Endemic in 70 developing countries; According to global estimates, at least 236.6 million people needed preventative care in 2019. Schistosoma mansoni is found in Africa, the Middle East, the Caribbean, Brazil, and Venezuela. Schistosoma haematobium has been found in Africa and the Middle East. Schistosoma Japonicum is only found in China, Indonesia, and the Philippines [4].

Leishmaniasis is another dominant neglected tropical disease caused by a group of protozoan parasites such as visceral leishmaniasis (VL, also known as kala-azar), post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL), cutaneous Leishmaniasis (CL), and mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis [5]. Globally around 700,000 to 1 million new cases are reported annually. According to the WHO's global leishmaniasis surveillance in 2020, 98 (49 percent) of the 200 nations and territories that reported to WHO were endemic, with 6 having previously reported cases of leishmaniasis. Of the 200, 89 (45%) were CL endemic, 3 (2%) had previously reported CL cases, 79 (40%) were VL endemic, and 5 (3%) had previously reported VL cases [6].

Lymphatic filariasis (LF) is a preventable, severe, and disfiguring disease caused by infectious parasites called Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi and Brugia timori [7]. The 2020 WHO progress report on a global program to eliminate lymphatic filariasis indicated that filariasis 51.4 million people are estimated to be infected [8].

Onchocerciasis is a parasitic disease caused by Onchocerca volvulus and it’s a causative agent of river blindness. These parasites particularly affect the skin (subcutaneous tissue) and eyes leading to blindness in a minority of infected persons [10]. The 2017 Global Disease Burden Survey estimates that 20.9 million O. volvulus infections are widespread worldwide. 14.6 million Infected people suffered from skin disease and 1.15 million suffered from vision loss [10]. Human African trypanosomiasis or sleeping sickness is the last neglected tropical disease caused by trypanosome parasites transmitted by tsetse flies in subSaharan Africa. Two subspecies of Trypanosoma brucei cause illness: Trypanosoma brucei gambiense in West and Central Africa, and Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense in East Africa [11]. Maintained control endeavours have decreased the number of new cases. In 2009 the number detailed dropped underneath 10 000 for the primary time in 50 years, and in 2019 there were 992 cases recorded globally [12].

Transmission of helminthic and protozoan infection

Regarding the transmission of parasitic and helminthic disease, there is broad range that takes place for Soil-Transmitted Helminthic, protozoan parasites, and neglected tropical diseases. Therefore infected food, water, and feco-oral transmission through swallowing of the parasitic infective stage through the mouth for ascariasis, wipe warm and hook warms. Having that parasites use intermediate vector host as biological (for completing their life cycle and transmission to the host) and for mechanical (only transmission of the parasites). Malaria Leishmania and Trypanosomiasis are grouped under this parasitic disease mainly transmitted with the aid of female anopheles mosquito, sand, and tsetse flies.

General overview of anti-parasitic drugs

Parasitic chemotherapies it has effectively treated and prevented most parasitic infections. Some drugs have adverse side effects and develop drug resistances on parasites and the community. Although some sort of expensiveness will show on most anti-parasitic drugs in a developing country. Having that most of the anti-parasitic drugs demand prolonged and parenteral route of administration and also they may be effective in disease state [13]. The challenges facing antiparasitic drugs are; parasites are eukaryotic organism which is similar to the human host. Thus, therapeutics under this group of drugs are more effective in prokaryotic bacterial pathogens with higher selective toxicity than parasitic organisms [14].

Furthermore, the chronic stage of infection, the complex life cycle, different parasitic stages, limited choices of therapeutic for some single parasitic species, and development of drug resistance on certain parasitic disease and unproven utilization and application of medicinal plants as empirical treatments added into challenges of effective chemotherapeutic intervention [15]. The existence of multiple infectious diseases, gather possibility of reinfection, malnutrition, and HIV infection leading to immune-incompetency, poverty, and poor sanitation which enhance the transmission of the parasites are additional complicating factors in developing countries. Whereas the global strategies to prevent and treat the parasitic disease include scaling up of hygiene and sanitation, controlling of biological and mechanical vectors, application of vaccination, prophylactic and chemotherapies, and development of safe, effective with less cost anti-parasitic drugs though research and development are still overemphasized [16].

The pharmacological mechanism of antiparasitic drugs

Parasites are eukaryotic organisms and more similar to human hosts; phenomena like Carbohydrate metabolism, nucleic acid synthesis, and neuromuscular function are shared by the parasites and the human host. For this reason, there is a challenge to developing the safe and effective anti-parasitic drug with the aid of biochemical differences between parasites and human hosts [17]. Fortunately, based upon our understanding and knowledge we recognized potential parasitic specific targets for chemotherapy of the parasites and genomic effort on protozoan parasites to identify potential drug targets for higher throughput screening [18].

  Plant Name   Family   Local Name   Part Used   Preparation Treating Helminthic Disease   References
Dodonaea angustifolia Sapindaceae Kitkita Leaf Prepared with salt and then taken orally Tape Worm Yirga G, Zeraburk S [23]
Myrsine africana Myrsinaceae kechemo Seed prepared with in jera orally Tape Warm Yirga G,  Zeraburk S [23]
Hagenia abyssinica Rosaceae Koso Leaf  Prepared with water and oral administration Tape Warm Yirga G, Zeraburk S  [23]
Datura stramonium L
Solanaceae Astenagir Leaf Rubbing and pain Ring Worm Mekuanent, et al. [24]
Desmodium gangeticum (L) DC   Fabaceae Ye Gint Med
Hanit
Root Grinding the root and giving with swallowed Avoiding Cattle Worm Mekuanent, et al. [24]
Embeliaschimperi Vatke Myrsinaceae Enkoko Fruit Crashed and drinking 1 cup juice Tape Warm Mekuanent, et al. [24]
Justicia schimperiana (Hochst.ex
A. Nees) T.Anders
Acanthaceae Dummiuggae Leaf Pounded fresh/dry leaves is concocted with bark of Croton macrostachyus is taken orally forthree days. Intestinal Parasites Mesfin, et al. [25]
Carduus leptacanthus Fresen Asteraceae  Guccino Stem Powdered dry stem mixed with butter is taken with coffee or tea Ascariasis Mesfin, et al. [25]
Lepidium sativum L Brassicaceae Feaxxo Seed Dry seed powder is taken as with coffee as drink Intestinal Parasites Mesfin, et al. [25]
Carica papaya L Caricaceae Papaya Seed Chew and swallow seed Intestinal Parasites Mesfin, et al. [25]
Croton macrostachyus Del Euphorbiaceae Bissano Exudates Rubbing affected part by exudates of old leaves Ring Worm Mesfin, et al. [25]
Euphorbia candelabrum Kostshy Euphorbiaceae Addama Latex Milky latex from plant mixed with roots powder of Ruta chalepensis and paste applied to affected area Ring Worm Mesfin, et al. [25]
Ficus ovata
Vahl
Moraceae Shollae Fruits powder of dry fruits mixed with butter is applied after scratching the affected area Ring Worm Mesfin, et al. [25]
Ensete ventricosum (Welw) Cheesman Musaceae Warqo Root Crushed/pounded fresh root with water is taken orally Amoebic Dysentery Mesfin, et al. [25]
Caylusea abyssinica (Fresen) Fish& Mey Resedaceae Sheggitae Root Crushed/pounded fresh/dry root water is taken orally Ascariasis Mesfin, et al. [25]
Hagenia abyssinica (Brucie) J FGmel Rosaceae Kossae   Mix the powder with honey and a little bit of water and then boil and drink before breakfast for five days Ascariasis Mesfin, et al. [25]
Prunus africana (Hook.F) Kalkam Rosaceae T/Kaka Root Crushed/pounded dry root bark mixed with water is taken as a drink Ascariasis Mesfin, et al. [25]
Capsicum annuum L Solanaceae Miximixo Fruits Chew and swallow fresh/dry fruits Ascariasis Mesfin, et al. [25]
Euphorbia abbyssinica JF Gmel Euphorbaceae Adaamii Bark Bark decoction is taken Gastro-Intestinal, Ascaris,
Gonohhorea
Abera [26]
 Taverniera
abyssinica A. Rich
Fabaceae Dingatanya Root root is tooting with teal Internal Parasite Abera [26]
Glinus lotoides
L
Muluginaceae Mataharree Leafy Stem Leafy-stem of G lotoides is crused,
powdered and liquefied and taking orally.
Intestinal Parasite Abera [26]
Securidica
longipedunculata Fresen
Polygalaceae Etsamanaay
(Amharic)
Root Root is pounded and mixed with H2O Intestinal Parasite Abera [26]
Vernonia amygdalina Del Asteraceae Dhebicha Leaf Drinking the decocted leaves with 1
cup of coffee for elders and half for
children
Intestinal Worm Jima, Megersa
[27]
Carica papaya L Caricaceae Papaayee Seed Seeds ground and boiled with coffee
and taken with honey
Ascariasis Jima, Megersa
[27]
Jatropha curcas L Euphorbiaceae Abatamuluk Root Root is crushed and drink with half
cup of coffee
Intestinal Worm Jima, Megersa
[27]
Ricinus communis L Euphorbiaceae Qobboo Root, Seed Roots and seeds are crushed and drink
with 1 cup of water
Intestinal Worm Jima, Megersa
[27]
Solanum americanum Mill Solanaceae Mujulo Leaf The dried leaf is crushed Intestinal Worm Jima, Megersa
[27]
Gnidia stenophylla
Gilg
Trymalaceae Katarichaa Root The dried roots are crushed and mixed
with water then taken for 2 days
Intestinal Worm Jima, Megersa
[27]
Carica papaya L Caricaceae Papaye Seed The seeds are dried and eaten Ascaries Etana B [28]
Caylusea abyssinica
(Fresen) Fisch, Mey
Resedaceae Aranci Root Eaten with roasted barley Intestinal
Parasite
Etana B [28]
Celosia trigyna L Amaranthaceae Dagiso Root Squeezed and drunk 1 glass cup or eaten with roasted barley. Tape Worm Etana B [28]
Colocasia esculenta (L)
Schott
Araceae Godare Root Cooked and eaten Ascaries Etana B [28]
Croton macrostachyus
Del
Euphorbiaceae Makanisaa Stem Cooked with teff flour and eaten from 3- 5spoon. Ascaries Etana B [28]
Cucurbita pepo Cucurbitaceae Buqee/Dubaa Seed Roasted and eaten Tape Worm Etana B [28]
Hagenia abyssinica
(Brace) J F Gmel
Rosaceae Koso Seed Crushed and drunk with local drink 'tella' Tape Worm Etana B [28]
Trichilia dregeana Sond Meliaceae Anunu Stem Dried, powdered & eaten with raw meat from 3-5 times Intestinal
Parasite
Etana B [28]
Crateva
adansonii Dc
Capparidaceae Qollaadii Root Root of Crateva adansonii is pounded with root of Ruta chalepensis
Three spoons are used as a drink
Intestinal
Worms
Amenu E [29]
Echinops
kerebicho Mesfin
Asteraceae Qarabicho Root Root of Echinops kerebicho is dried powdered and mixed with water. Half of tea cup is given to human Internal
Parasite
Amenu E [29]
Embelia schimperi  Vatke Myrsinaceae Haanquu Seed Seed of Embelia schimperi is dried and powdered, mixed with water, two glasses is taken once. Tape
Worm
Amenu E [29]
Embelia schimperi
Oral Vatke
Myrsinaceae Haanquu Leaf Leaf and seed of Embelia schimperi and leaf of Croton macrostchys are pounded together and one glass
is taken by human.
Internal
Parasite
Amenu E [29]
Euphorbia
lathryis L
Euphorbiaceae Hadaamii Stem 2-3 drop of Euphorbia lathris sap is backed with teff and given to human Ascaries
(Maagaa
Amenu E [29]
Indiigofera
tinctoria L
Dermal
Fabaceae Qoricha
Dingetenya
Root Root of Indiigofera tinctoria chopped and mixed with salt and given to cattle. Internal
Prasites
Amenu E [29]
Justica
schimperiana
(Hochst ex Nees)
T. Andres
Acanthaceae Dhumuugaa Leaf Pounded leaf of Justica Schimperian is added to barely malt powdered. Three four glass of telle given to cattle, horse and donkey Internal
Parasites
Amenu E [29]
Nicotiana
tabacum L
Solanaceae Tamboo
Nyaata
Leaf Leaf of Nicotiana tabacum is pounded with root of Carissa spinarum and mixed with water. A cup of tella
given to calf.
Internal
Parasites
Amenu E [29]
Syzygium guineense
(Willd)Dc
Myrtaceae Baddessa Bark Bark of Syzygium guineense and exudates of Aloe pubescens concoction is made. 2-3 cup of coffee istaken by human. Internal
Parasite
Amenu E [29]
Embelia schimperi Vatke Myrsinaceae Enqoqo Fruit Crashed and drinking 1 cup juice Tape Worm Zerabruk, S, Yirga [30]
Dodonaea angustifolia Linn Sapindaceae Ketketa Leaf Crashed and mix with water; drinking orally Tape Worm Zerabruk, S, Yirga [30]
Cicer arietinum Fabaceae Shenbere Seed The seed of Cicer arietinum with root of Kalanchoe petitiana is boiled, filtered anddrunk the solution and seed of Cicer arietinum is eaten Ascariasis Abebe E [31]
Cirsium
englerianum
Asteraceae Kusheshele Root The root of Cirsium englerianum is pounded,powdered, mixed with water
and drunk
Ascariasis Abebe E [31]
Croton
macrostachyus
Euphorbiaceae Bisana Bark The 1/3 bark of Croton macrostachyus is crushed,powdered, mixed with Cicer arietinum powdered, water and backed than eaten before any food for 3 days Ascariasis Abebe E [31]
Dovyalis
abyssinica
Flacourtiaceae Koshime Fruit Its fruit is eaten as food for the case of intestinal parasite before break fast every morning Intestinal
Parasites
Abebe E [31]
Hagenia
abyssinica
Rosaceae Kosso Seed The seed of Hagenia abyssinica is crushed, powdered mixedwith milk and boiled and drinkfor 5 days Tape Worm Abebe E [31]
Kalanchoe
petitiana
Euphorbiaceae Endawula Root The root of Kalanchoe petitiana with seed of Cicer arietinum isboiled, filtered and drunk andseed of Cicer arietinum is eaten Ascariasis Abebe E [31]
Rosa abyssinica Rosaceae Kego Seed The raw seed of Rosa abyssinica is eaten Ascariasis
And
Stomachache
Abebe E [31]
Rumex nepalensis Polygonaceae Yewusha Lut Root The root of Rumex nepalensis is dig by using sliver ring and pounded, squeezed, added little water and then drunk before food and Friday Ascariasis Abebe E [31]
Euphorbia ampliphylla Euphorbiaceae Qulquale Sap/Latex The drop of latex is collected, mixed with “teff” powdered or honey and backed and then eaten before any food Stomach
Problem And
Ascariasis
Abebe E [31]
Otostegia
integrifolia
Lamiaceae Tungut Leaf The leaf of Otostegia integrifolia is pounded,powdered, mixed with milk
and boiled and then drunk is cooled
Ascariasis Abebe E [31]
Echinops kebericho Asteraceae Kabar Icho Root Powdering with seed of Lipidium sativum and Brassica nigra eating during meal Worms, Ascaries Ayana [32]
Brassica carinata A.Br. Brassicac Eae Gome Nze Seed Pounding  the seed of with Linumusitatissimum bulbs of Allium sativum and rhizobium of Zingiber officinale then eating. Ameoba ,Malaria, Worms Ayana [32]
Cocinia abyssinica Cucurbita Pepo L Buqe Seed Roasting powdering and giving Ascaries Ayana [32]
Croton macrostachy us. Del. Euphorbac Eae Makani Sa Tip Part Crushing odd tips then drunk few Ascaries Ayana [32]
Vigna sp Fabaceae Ab Dus Alib Root Pounding then adding one spoon to tea or coffee then drunk one cup once. Worms Ayana [32]
Ximenia americana L Olacacea E Hudh Ae Root Pounding mix with honey eating, two spoon every morning until healed. Worms,In Ternal Pain, Qora Ayana [32]
Hagenia abyssinica (Bruce ) JF Gmel Rosaceae Ducha /Koso. Fruit Crushing with tips of croto macrostachyus then add water drunk one glass. Tape Worms Ayana [32]
Clematis simensis Fresen Ranunculaceae azohareg Root Leaves are crushed, filtered and drinking  and applied on the affected part  using cotton though dermal Intestinal
Parasite and leshemanieasis
Alemayehu G [33]
Rumex abyssinicus Jacq Polygonaceae Dhangagoo Root Dry roots are grounded, boiled  in water and drunk with tea for  three days Ascariasis Alemayehu G [33]
  Aloe sp Aloaceae Argissa Leaf Latex Fresh leaf latex taken orally Internal
Parasites
Tamene S [34]
Arundo donax L Poaceae Lemicho Leaf Dry leaves crushed and pounded with water, and then drunk in the morning
Dry leaves crushed and pounded and then parted on the wound
Intestinal
Parasites
Wound
Tamene S [34]
Carica papaya L Caricaceae Papaya Leaf Fresh leaves are boiled with water and cooled then drunk in the morning Intestinal
Parasites
Tamene S [34]
Cucurbita pepo L Cucurbitaceae Baqula Seeds Dry seeds are cocked and eaten in the morning. Tape Worm And
Ascaries
Tamene S [34]
Euphorbia ampliphylla Pox Euphorbiaceae Care Latex Latex mixed with butter taken orally Intestinal
Parasites
Tamene S [34]
Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl Cucurbitaceae Surupha Seeds Dry seeds pounded with water, and then drunk two times a day Intestinal
Parasites
Tamene S [34]
Leucas tomentosa
Gurke
Lamiaceae Balbalato Leaf Fresh leaves mixed with Ocimum urticifolium chewed and swallowed in the morning Intestinal
Parasites
Tamene S [34]
Melia azedarach
Forssk
Meliaceae Kiniin Root Chewing and swallowing the juice of fresh root Intestinal
Parasites
Tamene S [34]
Momordica boivinii Baill Cucurbitaceae Kiree Leaf Fresh leafs crushed, pounded and filtered, then mixed with goat milk and drunk in the morning Intestinal
Parasites
Tamene S [34]
Olea europea subsp Cuspidat
a (Wall ex G Don) Cif
Oleaceae Ejerssa Leaf Fresh leaves boiled and the infusion drunk in the morning Intestinal
Parasites
Tamene S [34]
Rumex abyssinicus Jacq. Polygonaceae Shishone Root Fresh roots pounded and boiled and then mixed with milk and drunk in the morning for two days Amoeba
Intestinal
Parasites
Tamene S [34]
Solanum incanum L Solanaceae Borbodho Root Fresh root chewed and swallowed Intestinal
Parasites
Tamene S [34]
Solanum nigrum L Solanaceae Xunayee Leaf Fresh leaves cocked and eaten as vegetables Intestinal
Parasites
Tamene S [34]
Brucea
Antidysentrica
JF Mill
Simarou
Baceae
Qomany
O
Leaf Crushed with Leaves of Bersema abyssinica and cooked With porridge and given for children Ascaris MegersaM [35]
Calpurnia aurea
(Ait) Benth
Fabaceae Ceekaa Leaf 9 juvenile leaves of Calpurnia aurea 9 leaves of Senna occidentalis and 9 juvenile leaves of Clausena anisata
smashed and the extracts taken. One cup of tea is given for man and half cup for Children
Ascaris MegersaM [35]
Carica papaya L Caricacea
E
Paappaay
Yaa
Seed Seed chewed and swallowed Intestinal
Parasite
MegersaM [35]
Catha edulis
(Vahl) Forssk ex Endl
Celactraceae Chate Leaf Crashed, boiled in water and the solution drun Intestinal
Parasite
Alemayehu, et al. [36]
Osyris
quadripartita
Santalaceae Keret Leaf Powdered, mixed in water Intestinal
Parasite
Alemayehu, et al. [36]
Croton macrostachyus Euphorbiaceae Mokkoniisaa Bark Crushing the bark, boiling it and giving one coffee cup for humans and one water glass for livestock to eradicate tapeworm. Tapeworm Alemayehu, et al. [36]
Embelia schimperi Myrsinaceae Haanquu Seed Crushing the seeds, making s/n and drinking/ giving one water glass. Tapeworm Ashagre, et al. [37]
Hagenia abyssinica Rosaceae Heexo Seed Crushing the seeds, making s/n and giving one water glass for adult humans Tapeworm Ashagre, et al. [37]
Haplocoelum foliolosum Sapindaceae Canaa Seed Chewing a handful of ripened seeds and swallowing it. Ascaris (Maagaa) Ashagre, et al. [37]
Catha edulis
(Vahl) Forssk ex Endl
Celactraceae Chate Leaf, Bark Decoction Anthelmatic Wabe, et al. [38]
Embelia schimperi Myrsinaceae Enkoko Fruit Drinking Concoction Taenicide Wabe, et al. [38]
Glinus lotoides Molluginaceae Metere Fruit Drinking Decoction Taenicide Wabe, et al. [38]
Haygenia Abyssinica Rosaceae Koso Fruit Drinking Concoction Taenifuge Wabe, et al. [38]
leonotis ocymifolia Lamiaceae Ras-kimir or Yeferes Zeng Leaf Drinking Concoction Ascaricide Wabe, et al. [38]
Ocimum lamifolium Lamiaceae Dema kese Leaf Concoction Anthelmintic Wabe, et al. [38]
Ocimum sp Lamiaceae Besso bila Leaf Vegetable drug, decoction Taenicide, Fever Wabe, et al. [38]
Albezia anthelimentica      Fabaceae Hawaachoo Bark Chew up the fresh bark of the root of the plant by the local healer and then spit to the mouth of the animal about 1 teaspoonful, every day for 2 days Internal Parasite Eshetu, et al. [39]
Albuca spp Amaryllidaceae Rada Waqa Bulb fresh bulb (root) of the plant is ground and squeezed then 1 teaspoonful squeezed liquid added to 1 cup of water and is given 2 cup of the preparation through nose morning and evening for 4 days Internal Parasite Eshetu, et al. [39]
Allium sativum L Amaryllidaceae Qullubbii Adii Bulb After pounding the bulb, add water, and filter then give through mouth and nose Mastitis, Diarrhea, Internal Parasite Eshetu, et al. [39]
Erythrina brucei Schwein Fabaceae Welanko Leaf The fresh leaf is pounded and add 1 cup of water Internal Parasite Eshetu, et al. [39]
Leucas deflexa
Hook f
Lamiaceae Qechemen Leaf --------- Ascariasis (Wesfat) Giday, et al. [40]
Azadirachta indica
A Juss
Meliaceae Kinina Seed,Leaf Mixture of leaf infusion and oil extracted from seed taken oral as anthelmintic Intestinal Parasites Belayneh, A, Bussa, NF [41]
Dodonaea angustifolia Lf Sapindaceae Edecha Leaf Fresh leaf extract taken oral as anthelmintic Intestinal Parasites Belayneh, A, Bussa, NF [41]
Kleinia squarrosa
Cufod
Asteraceae Luko Stem Crush and taken oral as anthelmintic Intestinal Parasites Belayneh, A, Bussa, NF [41]
Ozoroa insignis
 Delile
Anacardiaceae Salvano Stem Bark Directly uses Orally Ascariasis Kidane, et al [42]
Balanites rotundifolia
(van Tieghem) Blatter
Zygophyllaceae Kuze Leaf ------- Ascariasis, Food Poisoning ,Vomiting Kidane, et al [42]
Acanthus sennii
Chiov*
Acanthaceae Key Kusheshilie Root Pound, immerse in water then drink the
Juice
Tape Worm Chekole, et al.[43]
Achyranthes aspera L. Amaranthaceae Telenj Root Crush, insert in water then Drink Tape Worm Chekole, et al.[43]
Alysicarpus quartinianus A Rich Fabaceae ----------- Root Crush then drink with milk Ascaris Chekole, et al.[43]
Bersama abyssinica Fresen Melianthaceae Azamir Leaf Crush and powder, boil with tea then drink juice Ascaris Chekole, et al.[43]
Buddleja polystachya
Fresen
Loganiaceae Anfar Leaf Crush and powder, immerse in TEJ then drink the juice Intestinal
Parasite
Chekole, et al.[43]
Celosia trigyna L Amaranthaceae Lemlemcho Seed Grind and drink with water Tape Worm Chekole, et al.[43]
Commelina latifolia Hochst
ex A Rich.
Commelinaceae Yewuha Enkur Leaf Crush and powder then
cream with butter
Taenia Scaplis Chekole, et al.[43]
Croton macrostachyus
Del
Euphorbiaceae Misana Bark Crush, pound, then drink juice Tape Worm Chekole, et al.[43]
Croton macrostachyus
Del
Euphorbiaceae Misana Leaf Boil, grind, make it wote (souse) with butter then eat with enjera Tape Worm Chekole, et al.[43]
Cynodon dactylon (L)
Pers*
Poaceae Serdo Leaf & Stem Drink the Concoction Tape Worm Chekole, et al.[43]
Dodonaea angustifolia Lf Sapindaceae Kitkita Root & Leaf Pound, immerse in water and drink the diluted mixture Tape Worm Chekole, et al.[43]
Dodonaea angustifolia Lf Sapindaceae Kitkita Leaf & Stem Drink the Concoction Tape Worm Chekole, et al.[43]
Embelia schimperi Vatke* Myrsinaceae Enkoko Flower Eat fresh or crush and drink with ‘tela difdif’ Tape Worm Chekole, et al.[43]
Justicia schimperiana
(Hochst Ex Nees) T Anders
Acanthaceae Smiza Leaf,Stem Drink the concoction Tape Worm Chekole, et al.[43]
Kalanchoe laciniata L Crassulaceae Endahula All Part Boil with Cicer Arietinum Tape Worm Chekole, et al.[43]
Laggera crispata (Vahl)
Hepper & Wood
Asteraceae Keskesso/ Alshasume Leaf Crush and drink with Water Tape Worm Chekole, et al.[43]
Prunus persica
(L) Batsch
Rosaceae Kok Leaf Stem Drink the Concoction Tape Worm Chekole, et al.[43]
Withania somnifera (L)
Dunal in DC
Solanaceae Giziewa Leaf Fumigate in a closed Fashion Tape Worm &
Babies Disease
Chekole, et al.[43]
Allium sativum L Aliacea Qullubbi Adii Root Root powder with the root powder of Ajuga integerifolia, Allium sativum, and Rumex nepalensis concocted together and drunk once before breakfast Ascariasis Kefalew, et al. [44]
Aloe macrocarpa Tod Lamiaceae Argiisa/Ret Leaf Leaf chewed and swallow the juice Intestinal Parasite Kefalew, et al. [44]
Carissa spinarium Asteraceae   Root Root grounded, dissolve in water and drunk Intestinal Worms Kefalew, et al. [44]
Embelia schimperi Vatke Myrsinaceae Hanquu/Enqoqo Fruit Fruit is powdered, dissolve in water, decant out the decoction and drunk early morning before meal Tape Worm (Kosso) Kefalew, et al. [44]
Grewia ferruginea Hochst ex  A  Rich Malvaceae Dhoqonuu/Lenquata Bark Fresh bark boiled together with fruit of Hagenia abyssinica, and the solution drunk Taeniasis (Kosso) Kefalew, et al. [44]
Myrica salicifolia
A Rich
Myriceae Kataba/Shinet Root Water solution of the root infusion is given orally Ascariasis Kefalew, et al. [44]
Myrsine africana L Myrsinaceae Qacama/Kechem Fruit Fruit grounded and concocted with powder fruit of Hagenia abyssinica and the solution drunk Taeniasis Kefalew, et al. [44]
Plantago lanceolata L Plantaginaceae Qorxobbii/Yehaheya Kote/ Leaf Leaf grounded, boiled with fruit of Solanum anguivi and the concoction mixed with atela (by-products of tella) and given to the animal Intestinal Parasites Kefalew, et al. [44]
Bersama abyssinica Melianthaceae Loichiisaa Root, Decoction vegetable drug Taeniafuge Abera B  [45]
Catha edulis Celastraceae Caatii Bark Decoction Anthelmatic
Psychoactive
Abera B  [45]
Croton macrostachyas Euphorbiaceae Bakkanniisa Leaf Vegetable drug & decoction Taenicide, Abera B  [45]
Glinus Lotoides Molluginaceae Metire Fruit Decoction Taenicide, Abera B  [45]
Hagenia abyssinica Rosaceae Kossoo Fruit Concoction Taenifuge Abera B  [45]
Leonotis ocymifolia Lamiaceae Raasqamir Leaf Concoction Ascaricide Abera B  [45]
Ocimum lamifolium Lamiaceae Damakasee Leaf Concoction Anthelmintic Abera B  [45]
Ocimum sp Lamiaceae Ancabbii Leaf Vegetable drug,
Decoction
Taenicide, Fever Abera B  [45]
Zingibel offinale Zingeberaceae   Root ----------- Anthelmintic Abera B  [45]
Hagenia abyssinica
(Bruce) J.F.Gmel
Rosaceae Kosso Seed Dry seed ground into powder, mixed with local alcohol (“tella”), and drunk. Tape Worm Amsalu, et al.  [46]
Jasminum abyssinicum L Oleaceae Tenbelel Leaf Fresh leaves crushed, squeezed mixed
with water, and decanted and then drunk without having food.
Tape Worm Amsalu, et al.  [46]
Justicia schimperiana
(Hochst. ex Nees) T
Anders
Acanthaceae∗∗ Smiza Leaf Dry leaves are crushed and pounded with water and then one glass is drunk Abdominal Parasite Amsalu, et al.  [46]
Vernonia amygdalina
Del
Asteraceae Girawa Leaf Juice is extracted from fresh leaf and taken orally (one cup). Intestinal Parasite Amsalu, et al.  [46]
Vernonia amygdalina Del Asteraceae Dhebicha Leaf Drinking the decocted leaves with 1 cup of coffee for elders and half for children Intestinal Worm Jima TT, Megersa M [47]
Carica papaya L Caricaceae Papaayee Seed Seeds ground and boiled with coffee
and taken with honey
Ascariasis Jima TT, Megersa M [47]
Ricinus communis L Euphorbiaceae Qobboo Root/
Seed
Roots and seeds are crushed and drink
with 1 cup of water
Intestinal Worm Jima TT, Megersa M [47]M.
Gnidia stenophylla Gilg Trymalaceae Katarichaa Root The dried roots are crushed and mixed
with water then taken for 2 days
Intestinal Worm Jima TT, Megersa M [47]
Bersama abyssinica Fresen Melianthaceae  (GG64) Azamir Leaf Fresh leaf boiled with milk and potato is given orally Ascariasis Gebeyehu, et al. [48]
Brucea antidysenterica JF Mill Simaroubaceae (GG07) Abalo Root Dried root and Phytolaca dodecandra leaf powdered, mixedwith water is given orally Hookworm Gebeyehu, et al. [48]
Embelia schimperi Vatke Myrsinaceae(GG35) Enkoko Fruits Dried fruit soaked with local beer is
given orally
Tape Worm Gebeyehu, et al. [48]
Hagenia abyssinica (Bruce) J F Gmel Rosaceae (GG89) Kosso Fruit Dried fruit powder cooked with food is given orally Tape Worm Gebeyehu, et al. [48]
Hagenigabyssi
nicabruce
J F gmelin
Rosaceae Kosso Flower The flower is dried, crushed and boiled in Water Taeniasis Dugassa, et al. [49]
Clausena arisata
Hook F
Rutaceae Metene
(Temenne) (O)
Leaf The decocted leaf is drunk Ascariesis Dugassa, et al. [49]
Carissaedulisvehl Apoltynaceae Agamsa (O) Fruit The fruit is eaten Ascariesis Dugassa, et al. [49]
Myrsine Africana L Myrsinaceae Kechama (O) Flower The flower is dried, powder and boiled in Water Ascariasis
And Taeniasis
Dugassa, et al. [49]
Cucurbita pepo
L
Cucurbitaceae Buqee(O)
Dubaa(A)
Seed The seed is roasted and chewed Taeniasis Dugassa, et al. [49]
Ajuga alba (Gurke)
Robyni
Lamiaceae Anamuro Leaf dried leaves Decocted Ascariasis Yineger, et al. [50]
Euphorbia depauperata
A Rich.
Euphorbiaceae Guri Root, Stem
Bark
 Fresh parts are Crushed, Decocted Ascariasis Yineger, et al. [50]
Calpurnea aurea (Alt) Benth Papilionaceae Cekkatta (Sd) Seed Crushed and swallowed Ascariasis Regassa R [51]
Cucurbita pepo L Cucurbitaceae Baaqula (Sd) Seed Dried on fire and chewed for pregnancy women, powdered and drank by others Tape Worm Regassa R [51]
Eucalyptus globulus Labill Myrtaceae Nechbahirzaf (Am) Leaf Boil and drink before breakfast Malaria, Typhoid ,
Ascarsis And Acute
Sickness
Regassa R [51]
Hagenia abyssinica (Bruce) J
F Gmel.
Rosaceae Koso (Am) Leaf fresh leaves Crushed ,powdered ,add water and drink Tape Worm Regassa R [51]
Hagenia abyssinica (Bruce) J.F Gmel Rosaceae Koso (Am) Seed dried seeds Pounded, powdered ,mixed with water stay overnight drink before breakfast Tape Worm Regassa R [51]
Ruta chalpensis L Rutaceae Sunkuruut (Wa) Leaf Grind fresh leaves with Zingiber officnale, add water and drink Gonorrhea And
Ascarisis
Regassa R [51]

Conclusion

In this presented review, a total of 343 medicinal plants have been identified and recorded for their use to treat a range of human helminthic and parasitic infections in Ethiopia. The majority of plants portion usually used by herbalists and the people was a leaf. Nevertheless, most of these medicinal plants are widely applied in different areas of Ethiopia; the majority of medicinal plants and medicinal information regarding scientifically and experimental (reverse pharmacology) on their safety and efficacy are not well understood. Therefore, it is overemphasized for the researcher to conduct a wide range of research on safety and efficacy studies of the traditionally claimed herbs with giving attention to certain human helminthic and parasitic diseases that already develop drug resistance.

Abbreviation

NTD:                    Neglected tropical disease

STH:                    Soil transmitted helments

VL:                         Visceral leishmaniasis

CL:                           Cutanious leishmaniasis

MCL:                      Mucocutanious leishmaniasis

PKDL:                     Post kalazar disease leishmaniasis

WHO:                    World health organization

LF:                          Lymphatic filariasis

HIV:                        Human immune virus

TM:                            Traditional medicine

Conflict of interest

None

Acknowledgments

The corresponding author of this review would like to acknowledge all co-authors participated in this review.

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Citation: Yirga ST, Mersa A, Sisiay B, Ashebir R, Akliku B, et al. (2022) Ethnomedicinal Uses of Ethiopian Traditional Medicinal Plants Used To manage some of Human Helminthic and Parasitic Disease: A Review. J Tradit Med Clin Natur, 11: 306. DOI: 10.4172/2573-4555.1000306

Copyright: © 2022 Yirga ST, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

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