Journal of Clinical & Experimental Pathology
Open Access

Eosinophilic gastrointestinal disorders are a gaggle of disorders characterized by pathologic eosinophilic infiltration of the esophagus, stomach, intestine, or colon resulting in organ dysfunction and clinical symptoms, Eosinophilic Gastritis (EG), Eosinophilic Gastro Enteritis (EGE), Eosinophilic Enteritis (EE), and Eosinophilic Colitis (EC). Symptoms are dependent not only on the situation (organ) also as extent (layer invasion of the bowel wall). Common symptoms of EoE include dysphagia and food impaction in adults and heartburn, abdominal pain, and vomiting in children. Common symptoms of the opposite EGIDs include abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting, early satiety, diarrhea, and weight loss. These disorders are considered immune-mediated chronic inflammatory disorders with strong links to food allergen triggers. Within the early 1990s an emerging body of clinical experiences by gastroenterologists and allergists identified features of a replacement disease, Eosinophilic Esophagitis (EoE) [1,2]. Descriptions identified children who presented with nonspecific symptoms like abdominal pain and vomiting and adults who presented with stereotypical features of dysphagia and food impactions [3]. Common to the two groups were that an outsized percentage of patients had atopy, all had dense esophageal eosinophilia, and most skilled diet restriction of specific foods or topical steroids [4]. Rapid progress was made during this field due to robust collaborations between allergists and gastroenterologists in identifying key clinical features, impactful therapeutic approaches, and novel therapeutic targets [5]. Treatment strategies specialize in either medical or dietary therapy. These options include not only controlling symptoms and bowel inflammation but also on identifying potential food triggers. Eosinophilic GI diseases are a gaggle of disorders characterized by symptoms of GI dysfunction seen together with eosinophilic inflammation most ordinarily of the GI mucosa but often of the muscular or serosal layers; other etiologies of those findings got to are ruled out [6-8].

Eosinophils are a kind of white blood corpuscle that circulates within the blood and are a traditional a part of the system. When triggered by allergies or infection, eosinophils increase in number and become active. Within the short-term, this response is vital and effective in clearing the body of pathogens. Certain tissues and organs throughout the body are familiar with eosinophils, including some parts of the alimentary canal. However, a disease state can occur when eosinophils are present in areas where they don’t normally occur on an ongoing basis, leading to chronic inflammation. This prolonged tissue infiltration and inflammation can ultimately affect the function of that organ. In recent years, physicians are diagnosing a rare condition of unknown cause, called eosinophilic gastrointestinal disease, with increasing frequency in children and adults. EGID is characterized by chronic inflammation within the alimentary canal caused by a better than normal number of eosinophils without evidence of other causes [9].

Physicians classify the disease consistent with the body tissue where the eosinophils accumulate. Each sort of the disease requires monitoring. There is currently no cure for EGID.

Eosinophilic Esophagitis (EoE): It is the foremost common sort of EGID, during which large numbers of eosinophils are found within the esophagus, where normally there are not any eosinophils. The esophagus is that the tube that carries food from the mouth to the stomach.

Eosinophilic Gastroenteritis (EG): These affect the stomach and/or the tiny intestine.

Eosinophilic Colitis (EC): It is the rarest sort of the disease and describes the occurrence of high levels of eosinophils within the intestine.

EGID can affect people of all ages and ethnic backgrounds, although there appears to be sex and genetic factors related to the disease. Research has found that 75% of people with EoE are male and 70%-80% have associated allergic disorders like asthma, eczema, and seasonal and/or food allergies. Most of the literature is predicated on EoE and therefore the evidence base for interventions for EG and/or EC is poor and sometimes adapted from EoE studies. Symptoms of EG are even more non-specific but may include diarrhea, swelling (edema), and or iron deficiency anemia.