Effects of Different Dietary Energy and Protein Levels at Fixed Slaughter Weight on Performance and Carcass Characteristics of Arabi Fattening lambs

Department of Animal Science, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran

*Corresponding Author:

Dabiri N
Department of Animal Science
Karaj Branch
Islamic Azad University
Karaj, Iran
Tel: 44865179-82
E-mail: najdabiri@hotmail.com

Received Date: September 09, 2016; Accepted Date: September 30, 2016; Published Date: October 10, 2016

Citation: Dabiri N (2016) Effects of Different Dietary Energy and Protein Levels at Fixed Slaughter Weight on Performance and Carcass Characteristics of Arabi Fattening lambs. J Fisheries Livest Prod 4:201 doi: 10.4172/2332-2608.1000201

Copyright: © 2016 Dabiri N. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Visit for more related articles at Journal of Fisheries & Livestock Production

Abstract

Forty eight Arabi fattening lambs with similar initial weight (18.72 ± 0.604 Kg) and age ( 90 ± 5 day) from a flock of Arabi sheep of Ramin Agricultural and Natural Resources University werer andomly allocated to six dietary treatments in a 2 × 3 factorial experiment using completely randomized design. The treatments included low (EL=2.4 Mcal/KgDM ME), medium (EM=2.6 Mcal/KgDM ME) and high (EH=2.8 Mcal/KgDM ME) levels of dietary energy in combination with low (PL=16% cp) and high (PH=18% cp) levels of dietary protein. The body weight (BW), average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed (ADF) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) of lambs were measured two weeks interval until the end of experiment. Carcass components were recorded at the end of trial. The ADG of lambs in EH, EM and EL treatments were respectively 271, 244 and 206 g/d and differences between them were significant (p<0.05). The same trend was found for feed efficiency. The ADG was also significantly greater (p<0.05) for lambs fed diets containing 18% protein than for lambs fed diets containing 16% protein (254 vs. 216 g/d). The FCR also had the same trend (4/47 vs. 5/37). The differences for other traits for dietary containing different Energy and Protein levels was not significant. The interactions between protein and energy treatment levels were not significant for none of traits. In general, with increasing level of energy the performance of lambs particularly for ADG and FCR was improved for either of protein levels. The lowest ADG (150 g/d) and worst FCR (6/36) was belong to the treatment containing the lowest energy and protein levels and differences between them and other treatments were significant (p<0.05).

Keywords

Dietary energy and protein levels; Performance; Carcass traits; Fattening lambs

Introduction

Many studies have been conducted to determine the effects of varying protein and energy levels in the diet on performance in lambs [1-9]. In general, average daily gain increased and feed efficiency was improved as protein and energy levels in the diet were increased. Most studies are in agreement that feed intake increased with increasing protein levels and decreased with increasing energy levels [10]. Several works on the effect of energy levels in the diet on lamb performance and carcass measurements has been conducted [5,6,9,11-14]. Most researchers were in agreement that increasing energy levels in the diet usually resulting greater gain and fat deposition. The same trend of fat deposition results was found by previous experiments with the Arabi lambs in similar condition and environment [15,16]. For this reason this trial designed to find a solution for this disadvantage despite high growth rate of lambs in previous studies. It was hypothesized that fat deposition/carcass composition may change less in fixed slaughter weight compared with above mentioned studies.

Compared with energy, less work has been carried out to study the effect of dietary protein levels on lamb carcass composition [9,17,18]. In general daily gain are increased by increasing protein level which part of this superiority are due to more by- pass protein [19], but such changes was not found for fat deposition. Adjusting protein and energy levels in the diet in order to produce high quality lamb carcass more efficiently and economically could be very beneficial to the lamb producer [10]. It may also be possible to alter body composition by varying protein and energy levels in the diet [10]. Altering the diet to produce more efficient, leaner, faster growing lambs would be beneficial to the producer and make lamb more acceptable to the consumer [17].

The present study was conducted the effects of different levels protein and energy and to determine their interaction at fixed slaughter weight on performance and carcass traits of Arabi fattening lambs.

Material and Method

Animal and management: Forty eight male lambs with similar conditions (18.72 ± 0.604 Kg body weight and 90 ± 5 days of age) from autumn lambing of Arabi sheep flock of the Ramin Agricultural and Natural Resources University were used in this study. The fattening lambs were randomly allocated to six dietary treatments in a 2 × 3 factorial experiment. The treatments included low (EL=2.4 Mcal/kgDM ME), medium (EM=2.6 Mcal/kgDM ME) and high (EH=2.8 Mcal/ kgDM ME) levels of dietary energy in combination with low (PL=16% cp) and high (PH=18% cp) levels of dietary protein. Ingredient of the diets is presented in Table 1.

Table 1: Ingredients of experimental diets (DM basis).

The animals were treated against ecto and endo parasites. At the end of the adaptation period, the lambs were individually weighted and grouped according to live weight into six equal groups of an average 18.75 Kg each. Each group was penned separately. The pen were provided with feed and water troughs, in addition to salt-lick blocks.

The lambs were fed ad libitum and were weighted bi-weekly. Kilograms of feed offered per pen were recorded. Refused feed was removed each week, weighted and discarded. The BW, ADG, ADF and FCR of lambs were measured two weeks interval until the end of experiment.

Carcass traits: When the lambs approached weights of 36 Kg, three lambs for each treatment were slaughtered. The lambs were held 18 hr without feed and slaughtered. After dressing and storing for 24h at 3ºc, carcasses were weighted according to guidelines of Iranian standard and industrial research institute and sectioned into two symmetric halves. The right half was divided into the cuts: neck + proximal thoracic limb + steaks + brisket, lumbar + abdominal region, proximal pelvic limb, and weights of each cut were recorded. The weights of carcass meat, bone and fat were measured separately.

Statistical analysis: Differences between dietary treatments were analyzed as a factorial design using the general linear models (GLM) procedures SAS^® [20]. The model included the effect of energy level, protein level and the interaction term energy × protein level.

Results and Discussion

The effects of protein levels

Least squares means and standard errors for the effect of dietary protein level on performance and carcass characteristics are presented in Table 2. With the exception of average daily gain, dietary protein level in the diet did not significantly affect any of the performance and carcass characteristics studied. Lambs fed the diets containing 18% protein had final body weight greater than did lambs fed the diets containing 16% protein. Average daily gain was significantly greater (p<0.05) for lambs fed diets containing 18% protein than for lambs fed diets containing 16% protein. Most works are in agreement that average daily gain increases with increasing protein levels [1-4,9,19-22]. Total feed conversion ratio (4.47 vs. 5.37) of fattening lambs fed the diets containing 18% protein were significantly lower than lambs fed diets containing 16% protein. In Hinds et al. [2]; Huston and Shelton [23] and Ebrahimi, et al. [9] have reported improved feed efficiencies with increasing protein levels. Average daily feed amounts of the lambs fed diets containing 16% protein were no significantly lower than other groups. This is not in agreement with work by Andrews and 0rskov [4] and Craddock, et al. [17], while results of present study are similar to research by Fiems, et al. [18] and Dabiri and Tonney [8]. It is known that low dietary protein levels may reduce animal performance [8,22,23].

Table 2: Influence of dietary protein level on performance and carcass characteristics. ^a,bMeans in row with different superscripts different significantly (p<0.05).

No significant differences in carcass composition or quality characteristics were noted due to protein levels. Slaughter weight, hot carcass weight and dressing percentage were slightly influenced by the protein level. The higher hot carcass weight of the PH group was mainly a result of the influence of the protein on live weight at slaughter as mentioned in Table 2, and to a smaller extent the result of the influence of the protein level on the dressing percentage. In Reid et al. [24] stated that diet has very little effect on carcass composition when lambs are slaughtered at a constant weight.

The effects of energy levels

The effect of the different energy levels on performance and carcass characteristics were shown Table 3. With the exception of average daily gain and feed efficiency, energy level in the diet did not significantly affect any of the performance and carcass characteristics studied. The carcass result, particularly fat is agree with Reid et al. [24] who stated that diet has very little effect on carcass composition when lambs are slaughtered at a constant weight. Energy was however an important factor affecting feed intake and feed conversion ratio. Average daily feed were non- significantly greater for the lambs fed the diet containing low energy level than did other groups. As per Montgomery and Baumgardt [25], Noble et al. [12], Glimp [5] and Craddock, et al. [17] also found that lambs fed higher energy levels in the diet consumed less the total feed. Feed conversion ratio were significantly lower for lambs fed diet containing high energy level than for lambs fed diet containing medium and low energy levels. These results agree with those of and Craddock, et al. [17], Fiems, et al. [18], Mohamed [26], Ahmed [10] and Ebrahimi, et al. [9], who reported that feed intake and feed conversion ratio decreased as energy levels in the diet increased. In agreement with results of Fiems et al. [19]; Ahmed [10] and Ebrahimi, et al. [9], average daily gain of fattening lambs fed the diet containing high energy level were significantly greater (p<0.05) than other groups.

Table 3: Influence of dietary energy level on performance and carcass characteristics. ^a-cMeans in row with different superscripts different significantly (p<0.05).

The energy level had no significant influence on final weight, but lambs fed the diets containing high energy level had greater final weight than did fattening lambs fed the diets containing two level of energy. This is in agreement with study by Fiems, et al. [18] and Ahmed [10].

No significant differences of the energy level on the carcass composition or quality characteristics were found. The obtained results in this study are in agreement with work by Craddock, et al. [17]. Hot carcass weight, dressing percentage and meat percentage were greater but not significantly so in lamb group fed high energy level in their diets than those in other treatment groups. However there was an influence of energy on the proportion of fat in the carcass while the proportion of meat in the carcass only tended to be influence by energy [18].

The interactions of protein × energy

The interactions of the protein × energy levels on performance fattening lambs were shown in Table 4. The interactions between protein and energy treatment levels were not significant for none of traits. In general, with increasing level of energy the performance of lambs particularly for ADG and FCR was improved for either of protein levels. The lowest ADG (150 g/d) and worst FCR (6/36) was belong to the treatment containing the lowest energy and protein levels and differences between them and other treatments were significant (p<0.05) (Table 4).

Table 4: Effect of interactions of protein ÃÂ? energy on performance and carcass traits. ^a-cMeans in row with different superscripts different significantly (p<0.05).

In compatible with the result of Reid et al. [23] who stated that diet has very little effect on carcass composition when lambs are slaughtered at a constant weight, carcass results/fat in this study was not affected by treatments, but was non- significantly higher in lambs had highest energy and protein compared with lambs had lowest energy and protein levels (data was not shown). It looks like that both protein levels was enough for optimum growth performance of lambs and probably energy levels was the only factor for changing performance of lambs in this experiment. The same result was obtained by Ebrahimi, et al. [9]. As per Dabiri and Tonney [8] in an experiment on growth of lambs after weaning similar to this experiment with diets containing high energy level resulted that the performance of lambs was superior for both levels of protein 15 and 17% compared with 13% protein level [27].

Conclusion

Lambs fed diets containing both 16 and 18% protein levels with highest energy level (2.8 Mcal/kgDM) gained faster and required less feed per (gr) of gain compared with other groups. Thus, it is recommended that, using of diets containing 16% protein and high energy level would be useful for performance and carcass characteristics of fattening lambs in similar conditions.

Acknowledgements

The authors are grateful to Ramin Agricultural and Natural Resources University for financial support.

References

1. Jones JR, Hogtie DE (1960) Effect of energy level on the protein requirement of lambs fattened with and without stilbestrol. J Anim Sci 19: 1049-1054.
2. Hinds FC, Mansfield ME, Lewis JM (1964) Studies on protein requirements of early weaned lambs. J Anim Sci 23: 1211.
3. Light MR, Haugse CN, Johnson VK, Buchanan ML (1965) The effects of varying the levels of alfalfa and barley in pelleted creep and fattening rations on lamb gains, transit shrinkage and certain carcass characteristics. North Dakota Agri Exp Sta Res Rep 15.
4. Andrews LP, Orskov ER (1970) The nutrition of the early weaned lamb. I. The influence of protein concentration and feeding level on rate of gain in body weight. J Agri Sci 75:11-18.
5. Glimp HA (1971) Effect of breed, ration energy level and their interactions on rate and efficiency of lamb growth. J Anim Sci 33: 157.
6. Arehart LA, Banbury EE (1973) Effect of energy on the performance of early-weaned lambs. Kansas Agri Exp Sta Prog Rep 197.
7. Lutfi AA (1983) The performance of desert sheep fed protein and energy from different sources. M.Sc. thesis (Anim. Prod.), University of Khartoum, Sudan.
8. Dabiri N, Thonney ML (2004) Source and level of supplemental protein for growing lambs. J Anim Sci 82: 3237-3244.
9. Ebrahimi R, Ahmadi HR, Zamiri MJ, Rowghni E (2007) Effect of energy and protein levels on feedlot performance and carcass characteristics of Mehraban ram lambs. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences 10: 1679-1684.
10. Ahmed BA (2003) The effects of different levels of energy and protein on growth and carcass composition of western Baggara bulls. University of Khartoum, Sudan.
11. Ely DG, Noble RL (1964) The feasibility of feeding lambs during the summer and the effect of two concentrate: roughage ratios on certain live measurements and carcass composition. Okla Agri Exp Sta. Misc Pub 74.
12. Noble ILL, Waiters LE, Tillman AD, Nelson E (1966) Optimum nutrition of the young lamb for maximum growth and lean production. Okla Agri Exp Sta Misc Pub 78.
13.  Ray EE, Kromann RP, CosmaElJ (1967) Effect of sex alteration and energy levels on carcass traits of Iambs. J Anim Sci 26: 900.
14. Huston JE, Shelton M (1969) Effects of ration protein level and parasite load on performance of summer-fed lambs. Sheep and Angora Goat, Wool and Mohair Res Rep Tex Agri Prog Rep 2512: 3.
15. Dabiri N, Heydari K, Fayazi J (2007) Effect of ionophores monensin and lasalocid on performance and nitrogen balance in Arabi suckling lambs. International Tropical Animal Nutrition Conference. Karnal. India.
16. Azarfard F, Dabiri N (2007) The comparison of plasma urea nitrogen, growth and carcass characteristics of Arabian lamb fed upon soybean and cottonseed meals. International Journal of Agriculture & Biology 9: 401-403.
17. Craddock BF, Field RA, Riley ML (1974) Effect of protein and energy levels on lamb carcass composition. J Anim Sci 39: 325-330.
18. Fiems LO, de Campeneere S, Bogaerts DF, Cottyn BG, Boucque CV (1998) The influence of dietary energy and protein levels on performance, carcass and meat quality of Belgian White-blue double-muscled. Journal of Animal Science 66: 319-327.
19. McDonald P, Edward RA, Greenhalgh JFD, Morgan OA (2002) Animal Nutrition. 6th Ed. Longman, UK.
20. SAS (1999) SAS User's Guide: Statistics. SAS institute Inc. Cary, NC.
21. Huston IE, Shelton M (1968) Performance of feeder lambs fed rations containing various protein concentrates. Sheep and Angora Goat, Wool and Mohair Res Rep Tex Agri Exp Sta Prog Rep 2512: 3.
22. Anderson PT, Bergen WG, Merkel RA, Hawkins DR (1988) The effect of dietary crude protein level on rate, efficiency and composition of gain of growing beef bulls. Journal of Animal Science 66: 1990-1996.
23. Levy D, Holzer Z, Folman Y, Bleiberg M, Ilan D (1980) Protein requirements of male cattle fattened on diets differing in energy concentrations. J Animal production 30: 189-197.
24. Reid JT, Bensadoun A, Bull LS, Burton JH, Gleeson PA, et al. (1968) Present status of various methods of estimating body composition. Prec. 21st Annual Reciprocal Meat Conf: 82.
25. Montgomery MJ, Baumgardt BR (1965) Regulation of food intake in ruminants. I Pelleted rations varying in energy concentration. J Dairy Sci 48: 569-574.
26. Mohamed HK (1999) The effect of different dietary energy levels on performance, carcass characteristics and meat quality of the Sudan Baggara cattle. PH.D thesis, University of Khartoum, Sudan.
27. Shelton M, Carpenter ZL, Huston JE (1969) Influence of sex, ration and stilbestrol on feedlot performance and carcass characteristics of early-weaned lambs. Sheep and Angora Goat, Wool and Mohair Res Pet Tex Agri Exp Sta Prog Rep 2631: 3.