Journal of Dental Pathology and Medicine
Open Access

Periodontal disease, also referred to as gum disease, may be a set of inflammatory conditions affecting the tissues surrounding the teeth. In its early stage, called gingivitis, the gums become swollen, red, and should bleed. In its more serious form, called periodontitis, the gums can shy away from the tooth, bone is often lost, and therefore the teeth may loosen or fall out. Bad breath can also occur. Periodontal disease is usually thanks to bacteria within the mouth infecting the tissue round the teeth. Factors that increase the danger of disease include smoking, diabetes, HIV/AIDS, case history, and certain medications. Diagnosis is by inspecting the gum tissue round the teeth both visually and with a search and X-rays trying to find bone loss round the teeth.

In the early stages, periodontitis has only a few symptoms,. Symptoms may include: Redness or bleeding of gums while brushing teeth, using floss or biting into hard food (e.g., apples),Gum swelling that recurs, Spitting out blood after brushing teeth, Halitosis, or bad breath, and a persistent metallic taste within the mouth [1,2].

The primary explanation for gingivitis is poor or ineffective oral hygiene, which results in the buildup of a mycotic and bacterial matrix at the gum line, called bacterial plaque. Smoking is another factor that increases the occurrence of periodontitis, directly or indirectly and should interfere with or adversely affect its treatment. Research has shown that smokers have more bone loss, attachment loss and tooth loss compared to non-smokers. This is often likely thanks to several effects of smoking on the immune reaction including decreased wound healing, suppression of antibody production, and therefore the reduction of phagocytosis by neutrophils

Daily oral hygiene measures to stop periodontitis include: Brushing properly on a daily basis (at least twice daily), with the person attempting to direct the toothbrush bristles underneath the gumline, helps disrupt the bacterial-mycotic growth and formation of subgingival plaque Flossing daily and using interdental brushes (if the space between teeth is large enough), also as cleaning behind the last tooth, the third molar, in each quarte Using an antiseptic mouthwash: Chlorhexidine gluconate-based mouthwash together with careful oral hygiene may cure gingivitis, although they can't reverse any attachment loss thanks to periodontitis [3].

Dentists and dental hygienists measure periodontitis employing a device called a periodontal probe. This thin "measuring stick" is gently placed into the space between the gums and therefore the teeth, and slipped below the gum line. If the probe can slip quite 3 mm (0.12 in) below the gum line, the person is claimed to possess a gingival pocket if no migration of the epithelial attachment has occurred or a periodontal pocket if apical migration has occurred. When the pocket depths reach 6 to 7 mm (0.24 to 0.28 in) thorough , the hand instruments and ultrasonic scalers employed by the dental professionals might not reach deeply enough into the pocket to wash out the microbial plaque that causes gingival inflammation. In such a situation, the bone or the gums around that tooth should be surgically altered or it'll always have inflammation which can likely end in more bone loss around that tooth. a further thanks to stop the inflammation would be for the person to receive sub gingival antibiotics (such as minocycline) or undergo some sort of gingival surgery to access the depths of the pockets and maybe even change the pocket depths in order that they become 3 mm or less thorough and may once more be properly cleaned by the person reception together with his or her toothbrush [4].

Periodontal treatment starts with establishing excellent oral hygiene. This includes twice-daily brushing with daily flossing. Also, the utilization of an interdental brush is useful if space between the teeth allows. For smaller spaces, products like narrow picks with soft rubber bristles provide excellent manual cleaning. Persons with dexterity problems, like with arthritis, may find oral hygiene to be difficult and should require more frequent professional care and/or the utilization of a powered toothbrush. Persons with periodontitis must know it may be a chronic disease and a lifelong regimen of fantastic hygiene and professional maintenance care with a dentist/hygienist or periodontist is required to take care of affected teeth [5].