Journal of Bioremediation & Biodegradation
Open Access

Biodegradation; Locations Contaminated With Polyethylene; Evolution of Co2; Ldpe; Sturm's Test; Plastic Weight Loss

Introduction

Approximately 140 million tons of synthetic polymers are produced each year worldwide [1, 2]. Because polymers are extremely stable, their degradation cycle in the biosphere is limited [3, 4]. Environmental pollution from synthetic polymers, such as plastic waste and water-soluble synthetic polymers in wastewater, has been recognized as a major problem [5, 6]. The use of certain microorganisms and enzymes to degrade polymers is classified as a method of polymer biodegradation (Premraj and Doble, 2005) [7, 8]. The word plastic comes from the Greek word "plastikos", which means "capable of being molded into different shapes" (Joel, 1995) [9, 10]. They are natural and synthetic macromolecules made up of smaller units called monomers linked together [11, 12, 13]. Examples of natural polymers include proteins, polysaccharides, and nucleic acids (Chandra and Rustgi, 1998) [14]. Synthetic polymers have been developed for their strength and resistance to all forms of degradation (Chiellini et al., 2003) [15, 16]. These and other characteristics, such as stiffness, permeability and transparency can be controlled by adjusting the polymer synthesis, molecular weight and/or by the use of substances. Specific additives [17, 18]. Plastic is defined as a polymer (solid material) which, when heated, becomes flexible and can be molded [19, 20]. They are castable nonmetallic compounds and materials made from them can be molded into any desired shape and size (Seymour, 1989). Plastic is commonly used for a variety of purposes including packaging, disposable diaper liners, agricultural films and fishing nets [21, 22]. Plastics and their use have become an integral part of every sector of the economy. Plastics are divided into two groups: thermoplastics and thermosetting plastics (Alauddin et al., 1995). Thermoplastics are plastics that do not undergo a chemical change in their composition when heated and can be molded over and over again while thermosetting resins are potentially prone to decomposition due to hydrolytic separation [23]. Of chemical bonds such as ester bonds or amide bonds (Muller et al., 2001) [24]. Thermosets can be melted and molded into different shapes. Plastic bags bring many benefits to human life but at the same time cause longterm harm. The collected waste includes all kinds, including plastic materials such as plastic bags, plastic cups, etc., when burned, will produce toxic gases that are dangerous to health. Inhaling these gases causes lung disease and cancer. The process of decomposing plastic bags takes about 1000 years. Biodegradable polymers are designed to break down when discarded by living organisms. Microbial degradation of plastics is due to enzymatic activities leading to the cleavage of polymer chains into monomers. Microorganisms use the polyethylene film as the sole carbon source, causing partial degradation of the plastic. They settle on the surface of the polyethylene film forming a biofilm. The hydrophobicity of the cell surface of these organisms has been shown to be an important factor in the formation of biofilms on the polyethylene surface, thereby increasing the biodegradability of the polymer. The purpose of this study was to isolate microorganisms from spilled soil and screen for microorganisms capable of degrading polyethylene and to identify microorganisms with a high potential to degrade plastic.

Materials and Methods

Collection of Soil Samples

Soil samples were collected from plastic landfill sites in Gudiyattam in sterile polythene bags and transported to the laboratory. Samples were treated with proliferation to improve the isolation of plasticdegrading microorganisms.

Enrichment of Plastic degrading bacterial strains

Growth of plastic degrading bacteria strain 1 g of plastic spilled from the soil sample was added to 100 ml of mineral salt medium (MSM) containing the plastic sample. The flask was kept in a shaking incubator (100 rpm) at room temperature for uniform distribution. After incubation, samples were successively diluted and inoculated on nutrient agar and incubated at room temperature for 24-48 h, eight morphologically different bacterial strains (B1-B8) were isolated.

Screening of Plastic Degrading Strains

The isolated strains were inoculated into a plastic sample supplemented with mineral brine medium as the sole carbon source and incubated in a rotary shaker at 37°C for 24 h. After incubation, the turbidity of the medium was examined for growth. Two superior isolates (B1 and B7) were selected for further studies based on their biomass yield (Inoue et al., 1991).

4.3(i) The characterization of strains were examined by the following methods and compared with textbooks on decisive bacteriology by Bergey (9th edition).

(i) Colony morphology

(ii) Microscopic examination

(iii) Biochemical characteristics

(i) Colony morphology

Plastic degrading strains isolated from soil samples were streaked aseptically in Nutrient agar plates and incubated at 37°C for 48 hours 48 h. After incubation, colony morphology was studied using standard microbiological criteria, with particular attention to pigmentation, diameter, colony elevation, margin, consistency, and opacity.

(ii) Microscopic examination

Gram staining is performed and cell morphology (Gram response, shape and arrangement of cells) is examined under the light microscope of the culture medium. Liquid grows exponentially.

(iii) Biochemical properties

Strains B1 and B7 were isolated according to various biochemical criteria such as IMVIC, Catalase, Oxidase, TSI, denitrification, Cetrimide resistance, Arginine dehydrolase, Lysine decarboxylase and sugar utilisation test.

Biodegradation test

The plastic samples used in this investigation were plastic cup (sample A), plastic bag 1 (sample B), plastic bag 2 (sample C), bottle cap (sample D) have different properties. These plastic samples were collected and transported to the laboratory to be tested for their biodegradability. Each plastic material was tested with strains B1 and B7.

Sample Pre-treatment

Selected plastic samples (A-D) were surface sterilized and UV irradiated (365 nm) according to the methods described by Johnson et al., (1992) and Carine et al., (2001) respectively. Films were sterilized with chemical Tween 80 and bleached (Lee et al., 1991).

Membrane culture and harvesting

Sterilized and disinfected (pre-weighed) resin samples were aseptically added to the sterilized basic mineral salt medium and were incubated at 125 rpm/ min for 24, h at 37°C, did not inoculate isolated cultures. After incubation, no clouding or granulation will ensure sterility. Then, the cultures were inoculated with pre-enriched bacterial strains B1 and B7. This experimental set-up was kept incubated at 125 rpm for one month at 37°C. Control was maintained for each type of plastic film in a grain less mineral salt medium. At the end of each week, plastic samples were collected, air-dried and weighed.

Biodegradation monitoring methods

Surface area changes and weight loss of plastic materials have been determined (Coma et al., 2006). The percentage weight loss of each plastic material used in this study was determined by the formula Material weight loss = Sample weight loss/Initial sample weight × 100.

CO₂ evolution test– Modified Sturm Test

Storm test modified CO2 released after biodegradation of LDPE was determined in terms of weight and volume by the Sturm test (Muller et al., 1992).

(i) Preparation of LDPE powders

LDPE sheets are cut into pieces and soaked in xylene. It is then boiled for 15 min, during which time xylene will dissolve the LDPE film and the remainder is crushed with a strip glove. Powder LDPE obtained was washed with ethanol to remove xylene remaining and allowed to evaporate to remove ethanol. The powder was dried in a hot air oven at 60°C overnight (Shah, 2007)

(ii) Gravimetric analysis Test and control

Vials containing synthetic medium supplemented with LDPE powder were prepared. The bacterial strain was added to the test bottle. Pass sterile air through 1 M KOH solution containers (air pretreatment flasks). CO2-free air is introduced into the test cylinders. CO2 free air is used by inoculum releases CO2 (after converts LDPE) in absorbs bottles. The test was performed at room temperature for 1 week. After 1 week amount of CO2 produces out of absorbs bottles is calculates equals adds 0.1 M Bacl2 which forms a precipitates out of barium carbonate.

(iii) Volumetric Analysis

Dissolved carbon dioxide present in the medium is also volumetrically measured by titration. Place 25 ml of the sample in a conical flask, add 0.05 ml of 0.1 N Thiosulphate solutions. Then add 2 drops of methyl orange indicator and titrated with 0.02 M sodium hydroxide solution. The end point is the color change from red-orange to yellow. Then add two drops of phenolphthalein indicator and continue titration until pink color appears. The volume of the titrants used was recorded, and the amount of CO2 escaped of was calculated using the according to the formula:

CO Evolution = A X B X 50 X 1000 / V, where

A= ml of NaOH titration solution,

B= titration of NaOH,

V= ml of sample.

Analysis by scanning electron microscopy

Control and test plastic samples (sample D and sample B) with bacterial strains invading during 45 days were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy.

Experimental Design

The Response surface Method was used to study the effect of independent variables including temperature (X1), time (X2), pH (X3) and CO2 generation (X4) to Variation response of plastic-degrading bacteria (B1 and B7).

B1 Isolate – Pseudomonas sp

Response surface methodology was used to investigate the effect of independent variables, including Temperature (X1), Time (X2), pH (X3), and CO2 evolved (X4) on response variable Yield from the plastic degrading bacteria B1. RSM design along with coded and uncoded levels is presented in [Table 6]. Central composite design (Five levels) and quadratic model was used to design this experiment. 30 treatments including 8 axial points, 16 fractional factorial points and six central points were randomly performed according to CCD, which is summarised in [Table 7].

Table 6: Independent variables and their corresponding levels (B1 isolate).

Table 7: Experimental design for yield with independent variables, experimental and predicted values of response.

B7 Isolate –Bacillus sp

Response surface methodology was used to investigate the effect of independent variables, including Temperature (X1), Time (X2), pH (X3), and CO2 evolved (X4) on response variable Yield from the plastic degrading bacteria B7. RSM design along with coded and uncoded levels is presented in [Table 8]. Central composite design (Five levels) and quadratic model was used to design this experiment. 30 treatments including 8 axial points, 16 fractional factorial points and 6 central points were randomly performed according to CCD, which is summarised in [Table 9].

Table 8: Independent variables and their corresponding levels (B7 Isolate).

Table 9: Experimental design for yield with independent variables, experimental and predicted values of response.

Statistical analysis

Experimental data were statistically analysed using design expert software. Numerous statistical parameters (lack-of-fit, predicted and adjusted multiple correlation coefficient and coefficient of variation) of different polynomials models were compared to select the best fitting polynomial model. To understand the effect of parameters and yield, response plots were generated using design expert software. All these experiments were performed in triplicates.

Screening and identification of strains of plastic-degrading bacteria

Soil samples were taken from plastic waste disposal areas in and around Gudiyattam [Figure 6]. The collected samples were treated to isolate 8 bacterial strains (B1-B8). Among them, strains B1 and B7 [Figure 7, 8] with optimal biomass were selected for further studies. Based on the morphological, cultural and biochemical characteristics, the isolates were identified as Pseudomonas sp. and Bacillus sp. [Table 1].

Table 1: Identification and characterization of pseudomonas sp. and bacillus sp. isolated from soil sample.

Plastic biodegradation test

Selected plastic samples (sample A-D) were tested for biodegradation in the presence of Pseudomonas sp. [Figure 9] and Bacillus sp. [Figure 10] in the MSM environment. The most relevant practical criteria for determining the degradation of plastics in contact with the ground include deterioration in tensile properties and loss in weight.

(i) Surface changes in plastic samples

Different surface changes of plastic samples (samples A, B, C and D) incubated with resin-degradable soil isolates (B1 and B7) in MSM medium was observed [Figure 4, 5]. The surface of the plastic samples changed from smooth to rough with cracks indicating loss of tensile properties. The observed changes are shown in the figures [Figure 11, 12, 13, 14].

(ii) The obtained experimental results clearly demonstrated that Pseudomonas sp. (B1) and Bacillus sp. (B7) could mediate the degradation of all plastic samples tested in this study within 45 days. Among the different samples, sample D (milk skin) was shown to be optimally degraded (24.40%) by Pseudomonas sp. [Figure 2] and sample B (plastic bag 1) were found to be optimally degraded (20.40%) by Bacillus sp. [Figure 3]. [Tables 2] and [Table 3] show the weight loss of the plastic sample and its decomposition rate after 45 days of incubation.

Table 2: Comparative analyses of the polyethylene (PE) weight before and after incubation for isolate B1.

Table 3: Comparative analyses of the polyethylene (PE) weight before and after incubation for isolate B7.

(ii) Sturm Test

The Sturm test is commonly used to evaluate the biodegradability of polymeric materials [Figure 1]. Variable stability tests are used to measure CO2 in gaseous and dissolved forms in synthetic media [Figure 19]. The LDPE powder of the plastic samples was obtained by xylene treatment followed by grinding [Figure 15, 16, 17, 18]. The CO2 growth test provides valid data on the degradation rate of the plastic samples selected by Pseudomonas sp. [Figure 20] and by Bacillus sp. [Figure 21]. An optimal CO2 evolution (6.90 g/l) was observed from the treated sample D.

SEM Analysis

SEM image of the control plastic sample and the test samples (D and B) treated with Pseudomonas sp. (B1) and Bacillus sp. (B7) respectively showed major structural changes on their surface that was evident in our study [Figure 22, 23, 24, 25].

Discussion

Plastics made from petroleum waste are called resins, which resist the degradation of dyes. In recent years, the public has become increasingly concerned about the environmental degradation associated with plastic disposal. Microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi are involved in the biodegradation of plastic. The present study focuses on the isolation, identification and degradation capabilities of soil plastic-degrading microorganisms [Table 4]. Two bacterial strains B1 and B7 have shown promising results for the biodegradation of plastics. Similarly, Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus japonicas showed degradation of low-density polyethylene after 30 days of incubation (Raaman et al., 2012). Pseudomonas putida isolated from garden soil samples showed its ability to degrade resins (Saminathan et al., 2014). Pseudomonas sp. and Bacillus sp. have shown their excellent tolerance to and decomposition of plastic materials [Table 5]. The surface of the plastic samples (D and B) changed from smooth to rough with cracks showing loss of tensile properties clearly indicating biodegradation of the resin [Figure 26, 27]. The hydrophobic nature of the plastic samples serves as a substrate for microorganisms to colonize their surfaces. This may be because extracellular compounds secreted by bacteria can disrupt the complex molecular structure of plastics (Priyanka and Archana, 2011). Among the different samples, sample D (milk skin) was found to be optimally degraded (24.40%) by Pseudomonas sp. and sample B (plastic bag 1) were found to be optimally degraded (20.40%) by Bacillus sp. after 45 days of incubation [Figure 28, 29]. The generation of CO during the Sturm test indicates a positive degradability test for polyethylene and this test fulfills the purpose of this study. The evolution of CO during the modified hardness test over a period of one week clearly shows positive results for the biodegradation of the plastic samples. From this present study, it can be concluded that both bacterial isolates can grow in minimal media with plastic as the sole carbon source. SEM images of the control and test samples (D and B) treated with Pseudomonas sp. (B1) and Bacillus sp. (B7) respectively showed large structural changes on their surface evident in our study. Similar results have been reported by Raaman et al., (2012). The biodegradation process is governed by many factors including the properties of the polymer, the type of organism and the nature of the pretreatment. Polymer properties such as mobility, crystallinity, molecular weight, functional groups and substituents present in its structure, as well as plasticizers or additives when added to the polymer all play an important role in polymerization. its decomposition. Therefore, further study of the microbial enzymes or organic acids involved in the degradation of polyethylene plastic will pave the way for the discovery of the exact degradation mechanism of the plastic material.

Table 4: Quantification of CO2 evolution after degradation of LDPE ((1week) - B1
isolate.

Table 5: Quantification of CO₂ evolution after degradation of LDPE (1 week) - B7 isolate.

Figure 1: Schematic diagram of Sturm test.

Figure 2: Degradation of plastic samples by B1 isolate.

Figure 3: Degradation of plastic samples by B7 isolate.

Figure 4: CO₂ evolution by B1 isolate.

Figure 5: CO₂ evolution by B7 isolate.

Figure 6: Site of soil sample collection.

Figure 7: Colonies on MSM agar – B1.

Figure 8: Colonies on MSM agar – B7.

Figure 9: Screening of plastic degrading strain – B1.

Figure 10: Screening of plastic degrading strain – B7.

Figure 11: Surface changes in plastic sample-A.

Figure 12: Surface changes in plastic sample-B.

Figure 13: Surface changes in plastic sample-C.

Figure 14: Surface changes in plastic sample-D.

Figure 15: LDPE Powder – Sample A.

Figure 16: LDPE Powder –Sample B.

Figure 17: LDPE Powder – Sample C.

Figure 18: LDPE Powder – Sample D.

Figure 19: Sturm Test set up.

Figure 20: Control and Positive results for Sturm test - B1.

Figure 21: Control and Positive Results for Sturm test – B7.

Figure 22: SEM image of Sample-D (Control).

Figure 23: SEM image of Sample-D degraded by B1 isolate.

Figure 24: SEM image of Sample-B (Control).

Figure 25: SEM image of Sample-B degraded by B7 isolate.

Figure 26: Shows the RSM Model of the B1 isolate.

Figure 27: Shows the RSM Model of the B7 isolate.

Figure 28: Shows the degradation of plastic smaple by B1 Isolate.

Figure 29: Shows the degradation of plastic sample by B7 Isolate.

Conclusion

This study addressed the main concerns related to natural and synthetic polymers, their types, uses and biodegradability. Another area to be examined is the biodegradation of plastics by liquid culture, using bacterial strains. It is clear that most fastidious polymers can be degraded to some extent in the right environment at optimal concentrations. Microbial degradation of solid polymers such as polyethylene requires the formation of a biofilm on the polymer surface to enable bacteria to efficiently utilize insoluble substrates through enzymatic degrading activities. The growth of multicellular microbial communities known as biofilms, which attach to the surface of synthetic wastes, has been shown to be a potent degradation agent in nature. When considering the complete biodegradation of any organic substrate, the formation of a microbial population is essential to initiate the biodegradation process. Therefore, microbial colonization time is an important factor affecting the total decomposition time.

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