Clinical Research on Foot & Ankle
Open Access

Ankle sprains; Clinical assessment; Management strategies; rehabilitation approaches

Introduction

The review begins with an exploration of the anatomical structures involved in ankle stability, including the lateral ligament complex and the role of proprioception in maintaining joint integrity. Mechanisms of ankle sprains, such as excessive inversion or dorsiflexion, are discussed, along with risk factors predisposing individuals to injury, including previous ankle sprains, inadequate footwear, and biomechanical factors [1,2].

Description

Clinical assessment techniques for acute ankle sprains are then detailed, encompassing a thorough history-taking, physical examination, and diagnostic imaging modalities such as X-rays and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). Grading systems, such as the widely used "Mild, Moderate, Severe" classification, aid in stratifying the severity of ligamentous damage and guiding treatment decisions [3,4]. Management strategies for acute ankle sprains are outlined, beginning with the immediate management principles of the RICE protocol (Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation) and analgesic medication to alleviate pain and swelling [5]. The role of functional bracing, taping, or splinting in providing external support and protecting the injured ankle during the early stages of healing is discussed, along with the indications for immobilization versus early mobilization [6,7]. Furthermore, the review delves into the rehabilitation phase of ankle sprains, emphasizing the importance of early mobilization, range of motion exercises, and progressive strengthening and proprioceptive training to restore ankle function and prevent chronic instability [8]. Various rehabilitation protocols, including the use of balance boards, proprioceptive exercises, and sport-specific drills, are explored, highlighting their effectiveness in improving neuromuscular control and reducing the risk of recurrent sprains [9]. Finally, injury prevention strategies are addressed, including the implementation of neuromuscular training programs, proper footwear selection, and biomechanical assessments to identify and address underlying deficits contributing to ankle instability [10,11].

Conclusion

In conclusion, acute ankle sprains pose significant challenges to both athletes and non-athletes alike, necessitating a comprehensive approach to management that spans from initial assessment through rehabilitation and injury prevention. By implementing evidence-based strategies and fostering collaboration among healthcare professionals, optimal outcomes can be achieved, enabling individuals to safely return to their desired activities and minimize the risk of future sprains.

1. Clanton TO (1989). Instability of the subtalar joint. Orthop Clin North Am 20: 583-592.

Indexed at, Google Scholar

2. Hertel J (2002). Functional anatomy, pathomechanics, and pathophysiology of lateral ankle instability. J Athl Train. 37: 364-375.

Indexed at, Google Scholar

3. Drakos M, Behrens SB, Mulcahey MK, Paller D, Hoffman E, et al. (2013). Proximity of arthroscopic ankle stabilization procedures to surrounding structures: an anatomic study. Arthroscopy 29:1089-1094.

Indexed at, Crossref, Google Scholar

4. Karlsson J, Lansinger O (1993). Chronic lateral instability of the ankle in athletes. Sports Med Auckl NZ. 16: 355-365.

Indexed at, Crossref, Google Scholar

5. Maffulli N (2006). Epidemiology of sprains of the lateralankle ligament complex. Foot Ankle Clin 11: 659-662.

Indexed at, Crossref, Google Scholar

6. Girard P, Anderson RB, Davis WH, Isear JA, Kiebzak GM (1999). Clinical evaluation of the modified Broström-Evans procedure to restore ankle stability. Foot Ankle Int 20: 246-252.

Indexed at, Crossref, Google Scholar

7. Keefe DT, Haddad SL (2002). Subtalar instability. Etiology, diagnosis, and management. Foot Ankle Clin. 7: 577-609.

Indexed at, Crossref, Google Scholar

8. Smith RW, Reischl SF (1986). Treatment of ankle sprains in young athletes. Am J Sports Med 14(6): 465-471.

Indexed at, Crossref, Google Scholar

9. Maffulli N, Ferran NA (2008). Management of acute and chronic ankle instability. J Am Acad Orthop Surg 16: 608-615.

Indexed at, Crossref, Google Scholar

10. Saltzman CL, Khoury GY (1995). The hindfoot alignment view. Foot Ankle Int 16:572-576.

Indexed at, Crossref, Google Scholar

11. Vega J, Peña F, Golanó P (2016). Minor or occult ankle instability as a cause of anterolateral pain after ankle sprain. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 24: 1116-1123.

Indexed at, Crossref, Google Scholar